<p><strong>[Evaluation of Lethal Concentration and Lethal Time of Botanical Insecticide Against Beet Armyworm (<em>Spodoptera exigua</em>) in The Laboratory]</strong></p><p>Pemanfaatan insektisida botani merupakan salah satu pilihan untuk mengendalikan serangan hama Spodoptera exigua yang ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menetapkan konsentrasi sublethal dan waktu prolethal insektisida botani terhadap larva instar ketiga S. exigua di laboratorium. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Entomologi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran di Lembang ( ± 1.250 m dpl.), mulai bulan Mei sampai Desember 2015. Penelitian menggunakan metode pencelupan serangga. Mortalitas larva S. exigua diamati mulai 1, 3, 6, dan 12 jam setelah perlakuan dan diulang setiap 24 jam sampai 96 jam. Data mortalitas larva diolah menggunakan analisis probit untuk menetapkan nilai LC50 dan LT50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mortalitas larva S. exigua paling tinggi terjadi pada saat 96 jam setelah perlakuan ekstrak bintaro (85,0%), diikuti oleh ekstrak akar tuba (82,5%), dan yang terendah diperoleh dari hasil aplikasi ekstrak huni yang hanya dapat mematikan larva S. exigua sebesar 57%. Dari lima ekstrak tumbuhan tersebut, nilai LC50 terendah diperoleh dari ekstrak daun bintaro (1.002,67 ppm), diikuti oleh ekstrak daun akar tuba (1.256,07 ppm), ekstrak kirinyuh (1.304,37 ppm), ekstrak suren (1.307,37 ppm), dan tertinggi diperoleh dari ekstrak huni (3.316,06 ppm). Waktu kematian 50% (LT50) S. exigua yang terpendek terjadi pada 33,50 jam dengan fiducial limit 23,24 – 48,42 jam untuk ekstrak daun akar tuba, sedangkan waktu kematian 50% (LT50) S. exigua yang terpanjang diperoleh dari ekstrak daun huni, yaitu 136,52 jam dengan fiducial limit 76,47 – 234,51 jam. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa insektisida botani menunjukkan efikasi yang tinggi terhadap larva S. exigua sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai komponen untuk pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT).</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Bawang merah; Mortalitas; Insektisida botani; LC50; LT50 </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Utilization of botanical pesticides is one option of environmentally friendly methods to control the attack of Spodoptera exigua . The objective of this study was to evaluate of lethal concentration and lethal time of plant extracts as botanical insecticide against third instar larva of beet armyworm, S. exigua under laboratory condition. The experiment was conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute at Lembang (±1,250 m asl.), from May to December 2015. Insect dipping method was used in this research. Mortality of S. exigua larvae was observed at 1,3,6, and 12 hours after exposures to the plant extracts and repeated every 24 hours up to 96 hours of exposures. The results of the experiments showed that at 96 hours post treatment, the highest mortality (85.0%) of the S. exigua larvae was caused by sea mango extract followed by Derris leaf extract (82.5%) and the lowest mortality of S. exigua larvae (57%) was obtained from spreng extract. The lowest LC50 from five of the extracts of botanical insecticide derived from sea mango leaf extract (1,002.67 ppm) followed by Derris leaf extract (1,256.07 ppm), Eupatorium leaf extract (1,304.37 ppm), Toona leaf extract (1,307.37 ppm), and the highest LC50 derived from spreng leaf extract (3,316.06 ppm). The shortest of the mean lethal time 50 (LT50) values of S. exigua was 33.50 hours obtained from Derris leaf extract with fiducial limits 23.24–48.42 while the longest of the mean (LT50) values of S. exigua was 136.52 hours obtained Spreng leaf extract with fiducial limits 76.47–234.51 hours. The botanicals insecticides were proven to be effective against S. exigua larvae, so it can be recommended to be used as components for integrated pest management (IPM).</p>
<p>Pada 3 tahun terakhir ini serangan tungau Polyphagotarsonemus latus pada berbagai jenis Capsicum di berbagai sentra produksi semakin meningkat dengan intensitas serangan di atas 30%. Dalam bidang pertanian, sekitar 15.416 ton pestisida telah digunakan untuk tujuan proteksi tanaman, yang setiap tahunnya meningkat sekitar 7%. Tindakan ini dapat mengakibatkan inefisiensi produksi dan dampak negatif terhadap hama target, ekosistem, konsumen, serta risiko residu pestisida dalam produk ekspor. Pengendalian OPT ramah lingkungan akhir-akhir ini dikembangkan dalam usaha tani cabai untuk menekan penggunaan insektisida sintetis. Pemanfaatan pestisida nabati merupakan salah satu pilihan untuk menekan serangan tungau cabai P. latus yang ramah lingkungan. Sebanyak enam jenis tanaman yang berbeda diuji aktivitasnya untuk mengendalikan tungau P. latus . Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi bioaktivitas ekstrak tanaman untuk pengendalian hama tungau kuning cabai di laboratorium. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang dari bulan Oktober 2015 sampai Januari 2016. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode residu pada daun (leaf disc method) modifikasi IRAC no. 4 untuk tungau dan metode dry film atau film kering untuk predator M. sexmaculatus. Data mortalitas tungau diolah menggunakan analisis probit untuk menetapkan nilai LC50 dan LT50. Mortalitas tungau yang disebabkan oleh bioakarisida tanaman dihitung pada 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, dan 72 jam setelah perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai LC50 bioakarisida yang berasal dari ekstrak akar tuba, huni, kirinyuh, widuri, ketapang dan gamal berturut-turut adalah 286,84; 370,57; 373,03; 477,92; 525,110; dan 650,44 ppm, sedangkan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mematikan 50% tungau dari ekstrak bioakasida tanaman berturut-turut adalah kirinyuh, akar tuba, huni, widuri, ketapang, dan gamal berturut-turut adalah 9,98; 9,99; 12,65; 20,01; 26,61; dan 42,77 jam. Hasil perhitungan nilai selectivity ratio (SR) menunjukkan bahwa semua jenis ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai bioakarisida yang diuji selektif terhadap predator M. sexmaculatus, hal ini disebabkan karena nilai SR <1. Kombinasi ekstrak bioakarisida tanaman selektif tersebut dengan pelepasan predator M. sexmaculatus merupakan komponen teknologi PHT yang dinilai efektif untuk mengendalikan hama tungau pada tanaman cabai. Untuk memantapkan hasil penelitian diperlukan uji lanjut di lapangan.</p><p>In the last 3 years P. latus severity on various types of Capsicum in some central production increased with the intensity above 30%. In agriculture, around 15,416 tonnes of pesticides have been used for plant protection purposes, which annually increased about 7%. This act can resulting inefficiency of production and the negative impact on the target pest, ecosystem, consumers, and the risk of pesticide residues in exported products . In the recent years, environmentally –friendly pest management is established to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides. Utilization of botanical pesticides is one option for environmentally friendly to suppress the attack of chili mite P. latus. Plants extracts of from six plant species were screened for contact toxicity and antifeedant activities against mite, P. latus. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of some plant extracts as bioacaricide for pest mite P. latus on chili plants. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Pests and Diseases, Indonesian Vegetables Research, Lembang, West Java Province from October 2015 until January 2016. A modified leaf disc method describes by IRAC no. 4 was used for mites and for dry film method for or predators of M. sexmaculatus. Mite mortality was observed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hour after treatment. The mortality of mite data was analyzed using probit to determine the LC50 and LT50 values. The result shows that LC50 obtained from plant bioacaricide of tuba root, kirinyuh, huni, widuri, ketapang, and gamal were 286.84, 370.57, 373.03, 477.92, 525.110 and 650.44 ppm respectively. Whereas LT50 obtained from plant bioacariside of kirinyuh, tuba root, huni, widuri, ketapang, and gamal were 9.98, 9.99, 12.65, 20.01, 26.61, and 42.77 hours respectively. The results of the calculation of the value of selectivity ratio (SR) shows that all plant extracts tested as bioacaricide were selective against predators M. sexmaculatus due to the value of SR <1. The combination of extract bioacaricide selective with inundative release of M. sexmaculatus adult to achieve sound of IPM mite in chili pepper. A field trial is still needed to confirm result of this study.</p>
Phytophthora palmivora is a pathogen that causes black pod, leaf blight, and stem cancer on cacao, that cause yield loss up to 40%. Control of P. palmivora is intended to make plants healthy, by using Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer. The study was aimed to determine the effect of Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer application against P. palmivora infection in cacao seedlings. The study used a randomized block design consisting of 13 treatments with 5 replications. The treatments were Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride JB2, T. amazonicum LP3, T. hamatum LP2), and potassium fertilizers dosages (1, 2 and 3 g), chemical fungicides (mancozeb) for comparison, and control. Cacao seedlings were treated with Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer, then the plants were inoculated with P. palmivora. Observations were on attack symptoms, incubation period, disease severity, growth of cacao seedlings, and lignin content. The results showed that the application of Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer prolonged the incubation period and reduced the number of leaves spots (48.95–75.37%). T. amazonicum + 3 g of potassium fertilizer and T. hamatum + 2 g of potassium fertilizer suppressed the number of spots up to 75.37% and 71.36% respectively, higher than chemical fungicides that were 70.86%.
Liberica, Robusta and Excelsa coffee are cross-pollinated so that their vegetative propagation uses cuttings. Plant growth regulators (PGR) such as Rootone-F could accelerate root growth on cuttings. The study aimed to determine the effect of Rootone-F concentration on the growth of one segment cuttings. The study was conducted at the Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) from January to March 2020. The research design was a factorial, Completely Randomized Design, with three replications. The first factor was coffee species, i.e., Robusta (BP 936), Liberica (LIM 1 and LIM 2), and Excelsa, and the second factor was Rootone-F concentrations were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The characters observed were callus diameter, leaves number, shoots number, and leaf length. The results showed there was an interaction between coffee species and Rootone-F concentration on shoots number and leaf length. Every factor affected callus diameter and leaves number, respectively. Application without Rootone-F (0 ppm) gave a higher value of callus diameter and leaves number of LIM 1. Rootone-F concentration that could increase the shoots number and leaf length was 500 ppm for Lim 1, 400 ppm for Lim 2, 0 ppm for BP 936, and 100 ppm for Excelsa.
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