Macroalgae belong to thallophytes group or plant-like organisms which generally live in coastal areas. 1-3 Macroalgae known as seaweed have significant economic value since they can be utilized as vegetables, traditional medicines, organic fertilizers, and livestock fed. 1,3 Even the phytocoloid compounds extracted from macroalgae as agar, carrageenan, and alginate 3 , it can be used as raw materials of various industries, such as medicine, cosmetics, food, etc. Based on the pigment content, macroalgae are classified as green, red, and brown macroalgae. 4,5 Several studies has been revealed that green, brown and red algae contain different metabolites and have much biological activity such as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal. 6 Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess numerous compounds that can be used for various properties, either nutrient content or active compounds. P. australis contains 1.05 ± 0.09% protein, 0.58 ± 0.01% fat, 8.78 ± 0.80% carbohydrate, 87.25 ± 0.86% water, 2.34 ± 0.16% ash 7 and minerals as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron 8 that enable to be developed as a food source and livestock fed. P. australis also contains various active compounds, such as steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin 2,9,10 that can be used as medicinal drugs. P. australis found abundantly in Indonesia sea and distributed almost all stony coasts including East Nusa Tenggara waters. According to Salosso and Jasmanindar 11 , brown macroalgae recorded in 5 sampling sites of Kupang Bay and distributed in all locations and sampling sites are P. australis with up to 80% occurrence frequency. Nevertheless, this species has not been maximally utilized yet by the community. 10 To optimize the utilization of P. autralis collected from Kupang Bay, a study on nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of P. australis were carried out in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. australis collection P. australis were collected at the lowest tide in Kelapa Lima coastal waters, Kupang Bay, by searching along the coast and taking all encountered P. australis. They were put into a plastic bag, cleansed, recorded the fresh weight, air-dried, and then ready for further analyses. Chemical composition analysis Chemical composition analyses of P. australis include water, ash, protein, and fat content. 12 Carbohydrate content was determined by difference as follows: 100%-(% water + % fat + % protein + % ash). Amino acid content was determined using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Mineral analyses on calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Phytochemical analysis of P. australis Phytochemical investigations of P. australis include alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid, and steroid. Alkaloid was examined using Culvenor-Fiztgerald method, saponin was analyzed using a foam test, tannin was analysed using FeCl, and terpenoid and steroid was analyzed using the Lieberman-Burchard meth...

ABSTRACT

Sampah pesisir merupakan masalah yang semakin penting untuk dikaji mengingat dampak negatifnya bagi lingkungan daratan dan lautan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji sebaran sampah pantai di Pulau Timor sebagai salah satu dasar pengambilan kebijakan dalam pengelolaan dan mengatasi cemaran sampah. Penelitian dilakukan pada Bulan Agustus 2020 di enam pantai wisata yang dikelola oleh pemerintah, yaitu satu di Kota Kupang dan lima kabupaten (Malaka, Timor Tengah Selatan, Kupang, Timor Tengah Utara, dan Belu). Pada setiap lokasi dibuat transek sepanjang 100 meter sejajar garis pantai dengan lebar transek sepanjang 10 m tegak lurus garis pantai yang diukur dari bagian belakang pantai. Seluruh sampah dalam transek diambil, lalu dibersihkan dari pasir, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam kantong plastik yang telah diberi label. Sampah yang basah dijemur sampai kering sebelum dihitung. Sampah kemudian dipilah, lalu dihitung jumlah, panjang, dan beratnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh pantai telah terpapar oleh sampah yang tidak terkelola. Sampah plastik mendominasi seluruh lokasi dengan komposisi jumlah antara 63 -95% (rerata 80 ± 12%) dan panjang antara 60 -93% (rerata 75 ± 13%). Komposisi berat sampah plastik antara 20 -72% (rerata 45 ± 21%), dan berat sampah plastik tidak mendominasi pada Pantai Motadikin. Dinamika arus laut pada muson timur diduga berperan dalam menyebabkan lebih rendahnya kuantifikasi sampah pada Pantai Motadikin (Kabupaten Malaka) dan Pantai Oetune (Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan) dibandingkan keempat pantai lainnya yang terletak di utara Pulau Timor. Sumber sampah pada pantai berasal dari kegiatan rekreasi, aktivitas nelayan dan berlabuh, serta sampah antropogenik yang terbawa dari laut.

The unique mangrove root system is a gathering place for small and large waste. The density of the population results in varied activities so that the waste produced in various types, quantities and sizes can be distributed to the mangrove area either through rivers or carried by the wind. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and amount of waste in the mangrove ecosystem in Kupang City. The method used is observation. Sampling was carried out by installing a transect perpendicular to the sea along 70 m at the place with the highest abundance of waste and the thickness of the mangrove reached 50-100 meters. There are 6 transects installed at the study site and each transect is divided into three zones consisting of three quadrants with a size of 30 x 10 m2. The distance between quadrants is 20 m with the first quadrant being at the first point where mangroves are found. The results of the study found that the composition of the types of waste scattered in the mangrove ecosystem of Kupang City were 88,91% plastik with a total of 15,628 pieces, cloth (4,21%) with a total of 640 pieces, other waste (3,97%) with a total of 604 pieces, cork/foam (1,18%) with a total of 148 pieces, rubber (0,57%) with a total of 86 pieces, metal (0,29%) with a total of 44 pieces, glass and ceramics (0,15%) with a total of 11 pieces, then paper and cardboard (0,05%) with a total of 7 pieces. Types of plastic waste, fabrics, others, rubber and metal have a greater amount in the first zone, cork / foam is the most in the second zone then paper and cardboard are most found in the first and third zones, while glass and ceramics are the most in zone three.

The utilization of river bodies as waste disposal has an impact on the entry of heavy metals into the sea. The Morosari estuary area is an estuary area, which consists of mangrove areas, tourist areas, and several industrial activities, both large-scale and household. This condition causes the entry of waste containing heavy metals lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) into the estuary area. This study aims to determine the content of heavy metals Pb and Cu in the estuary of the Morosari River. This research was conducted in April - June 2009 and took place in the Morosari River estuary, Demak Region. The research method used was a descriptive exploratory method, while the sampling was purposive. random sampling, to 3 stations. Water samples are taken every 2 weeks, and followed by an analysis carried out at the Growth Center Laboratory, Kopertis Region IV, Semarang. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. Analysis results for Pb content in water: 0.039 - 0.089 and Cu content in water 0.024 - 0.055 mg/l. The value of heavy metal content in the water has exceeded the threshold.