Macroalgae belong to thallophytes group or plant-like organisms which generally live in coastal areas. 1-3 Macroalgae known as seaweed have significant economic value since they can be utilized as vegetables, traditional medicines, organic fertilizers, and livestock fed. 1,3 Even the phytocoloid compounds extracted from macroalgae as agar, carrageenan, and alginate 3 , it can be used as raw materials of various industries, such as medicine, cosmetics, food, etc. Based on the pigment content, macroalgae are classified as green, red, and brown macroalgae. 4,5 Several studies has been revealed that green, brown and red algae contain different metabolites and have much biological activity such as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal. 6 Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess numerous compounds that can be used for various properties, either nutrient content or active compounds. P. australis contains 1.05 ± 0.09% protein, 0.58 ± 0.01% fat, 8.78 ± 0.80% carbohydrate, 87.25 ± 0.86% water, 2.34 ± 0.16% ash 7 and minerals as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron 8 that enable to be developed as a food source and livestock fed. P. australis also contains various active compounds, such as steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin 2,9,10 that can be used as medicinal drugs. P. australis found abundantly in Indonesia sea and distributed almost all stony coasts including East Nusa Tenggara waters. According to Salosso and Jasmanindar 11 , brown macroalgae recorded in 5 sampling sites of Kupang Bay and distributed in all locations and sampling sites are P. australis with up to 80% occurrence frequency. Nevertheless, this species has not been maximally utilized yet by the community. 10 To optimize the utilization of P. autralis collected from Kupang Bay, a study on nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of P. australis were carried out in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. australis collection P. australis were collected at the lowest tide in Kelapa Lima coastal waters, Kupang Bay, by searching along the coast and taking all encountered P. australis. They were put into a plastic bag, cleansed, recorded the fresh weight, air-dried, and then ready for further analyses. Chemical composition analysis Chemical composition analyses of P. australis include water, ash, protein, and fat content. 12 Carbohydrate content was determined by difference as follows: 100%-(% water + % fat + % protein + % ash). Amino acid content was determined using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Mineral analyses on calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Phytochemical analysis of P. australis Phytochemical investigations of P. australis include alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid, and steroid. Alkaloid was examined using Culvenor-Fiztgerald method, saponin was analyzed using a foam test, tannin was analysed using FeCl, and terpenoid and steroid was analyzed using the Lieberman-Burchard meth...

The aims of this study were to find out the potential of Patikan kerbau (Euphorbia hirta) as antibacterial on Aeromonas hydropilla and Vibrio alginolyticus. Phytochemical study on E. hirta leaves was carried out to determine the chemical compounds group and resulted in the presence of phenolic, terpenoid and tannin group in the leaves. The antibacterial assay by diffusion agar using paper disc showed that methanol and aqueou extract either of using dried powder leaves boiling method or fresh leaves boiling method were able to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas. hydropilla and Vibrio alginolyticus. The highest antibacterial activity against those bacteria was shown by methanol extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this methanol extract was found to be 0.156 and 0.625 % by using agar dilution method. In addition, the toxicity study exhibited that treatment of cat fish (Clarias batrachus) larvae and humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) larvae with E. hirta methanol extract at the concentration of 1 % for 5 minutes did not give any toxic effect.

The objectives of this research were to investigate the chemical composition and the antibacterial activity of honey from East Nusa Tenggara, produced by Trigona spp., on pathogenic bacteria in fish. The honey used in this research was collected specifically from Semau and Timor Islands while Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginoliticus were used as the testing bacteria. The chemical composition tests included moisture content (gravimetric), pH, total sugar (spectrophotometric). The honey was tested for the presence of the following active compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, tanin, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. Antibacterial activity tests were conducted using “paper disk” method with undiluted honey samples. The moisture content of the Semau honey (33 %) was higher than that of the Timor honey (24.65 %), but the total sugar of the Semau honey ( 6.62 %) was lower than that of the Timor honey (74.22%). All honey from both sources (Semau and Timor) in East Nusa Tenggara contained alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids but did not contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Antibacterial tests showed that the honey from both sources, Semau and Timor, showed antibacterial activity against V. Alginoliticus and A. hydrophila; the V. alginolitycus inhibition zone diameters were 8.5 mm and 10.5 mm, respectively, while and the A. hydrophila inhibition zone diameter was 8 mm for both honeys.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia serta aktivitas antibakteri sepuluh jenis tanaman  terhadap bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus dan Aeromonas hydropilla. Dipilih  10 jenis tanaman yang sering digunakan sebagai obat dan banyak ditemukan di kota Kupang seperti tanaman Phyllanthus acidus, Euphorbia hirta, Persea gratissima, Euphorbia thymifolia,  Morus australis, Justica gendarussa, Paederia scandeus, Annona squamosa,  Sesbania sesban,  dan Jatropha gossypifolia. Bagian tanaman yang digunakan adalah daun, kecuali E. hirta dan E. thymifolia digunakan seluruh bagian tanaman.  Kesepuluh jenis tanaman tersebut dibuat bubuk,  kemudian diekstraksi dengan cara dimaserasi secara bertingkat mulai dari pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan metanol, selain itu, juga digunakan ekstrak air  tanaman tersebut. Semua jenis ekstrak tanaman diuji antibakteri dengan menggunakan metode cakram. Jenis ekstrak yang aktif selanjutnya diuji antibakteri pada konsentrasi 10%, 1% dan 0,1%.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis  tanaman  yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pada budidaya ikan laut adalah  esktrak air dan metanol E. hirta dan E. thymifolia. Sedangkan jenis tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pada budidaya ikan air tawar adalah ekstrak air  E. hirta dan E. thymifolia daun J. gendarussa.

This study aims to know the potential of forest honey Apis spp. from Timor Island as antibacterial on pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydropilla and Vibrio alginolyticus in cultured fish, through testing of active compound, total glucose, pH and water content of the honey, that play the role in antibacterial mechanisms in honey. Chemical content of the honey was examined for alkaloid using Culvenor-Fiztgerald method, saponin with foam test, terpenoid and steroid with Lieberman-Burchard method, tannin with addition of FeCl3, and flavanoid addition of HCl and Mg powder. Total glucose was measured using spectrophotometer, water content with gravimetry, and pH with pH-meter. The antibacterial activity  test of the honey was done using disc method without dilution. Results showed that all forest honey from Timor Island contained alkaloid, saponin, steroid and terpenoid, except that Kefa honey did not hold steroid and terpenoid. Water content of the honey ranged from 15.70% to 26.65%, total glucose of 71.16% to 80.58%, and pH of 3.84 to 4.06. The forest honey had also antibacterial activity against A. hydropilla and V. alginoliticus with different inhibition zone.