<p><span lang="EN-US">Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of human death worldwide. This disease is also a major burden in health financing, due to direct costs of treatment and hospitalization. One type of cardiovascular disease is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). The incidence of ACS in Indonesia is still the highest with a prevalence rate of 7.2% and continues to increase every year. This study aimed to determine the average direct medical costs of new ACS-STEMI patients who are hospitalized at Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta period 2017-2018 and the factors that influence the cost of the treatment statistically. This research was an observational study with a descriptive retrospective research design using data from medical records and the finance (accounting) department. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling based on patients who met the inclusion criteria. A total of 495 patients matched the inclusion criteria and the average of the components of direct medical costs incurred by inpatients was IDR48,926,665 with an average length of stay of 5 days. Statistical test results showed that the categories of gender, age, and payment method were not significantly associated with the average total cost of care for ACS-STEMI patients (<em>p</em>&gt;0.05). Meanwhile, the categories of length of stay and treatment regimen were significantly correlated to the average total cost of care for ACS-STEMI patients (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05). The average total cost of new ACS-STEMI patients undergoing inpatient treatment amounted to IDR48,926,665 which was significantly influenced by the category of the length of hospitalization and therapeutic regimen.</span></p>

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Objective: This research was conducted to examine the characteristics of the eugenol gel preparation in the Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) gel base and to determine the profile of the release of eugenol from the HPMC gel base. Methods: Eugenol was made into gel preparations using HPMC base with concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7%. The evaluation included the tests of product characteristic and eugenol release. The product characteristic test included organoleptic examination (texture, color, and odor) and tests of spreadability, adhesion, and pH. The release test was carried out using cell diffusion and cellophane membranes. Results: All formulas met the pH requirements of topical products that were safe to use. The spreadability test is between 2.97-6.27 cm, adhesion test of products>4 s. The percentage of determination of eugenol content in the gel formula (F1 105.81%), (F2 93.28%) and (F3 98.87%). The cumulative amount of eugenol was F1 (2.563 mg/cm2), F2 (2.224 mg/cm2), and F3 (1.895 mg/cm2). Conclusion: The variation of HPMC as a gel base has effects on the adhesion, spreadability, and the eugenol gel release profile, where the greater the HPMC concentration, the smaller the spreadability, the greater the adhesion, and the lower the eugenol release profile. Based on the data obtained, the Formula 1 had a better release rate.

Pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda hampir seluruh negara di dunia khususnya di Indonesia membuat banyak masyarakat cemas, stres, dan frustasi akibat ketidakpastian dari berbagai aspek kehidupan. Stres pada umumnya merupakan kondisi normal dan tidak menimbulkan masalah pada kesehatan. Balsam aromaterapi dengan bahan utama dari minyak atsiri dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk dapat merelaksasikan tubuh serta berperan dalam pengaturan emosional. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah transfer pengetahuan dan pendampingan pelatihan pembuatan balsam aromaterapi. Kegiatan yang dilakukan mencakup pemberian informasi terkait pembuatan balsam yang dilanjutkan dengan demo pelatihan pembuatan balsam aromaterapi. Kegiatan pengabdian yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 25 Oktober 2022 menghasilkan sebuah produk balsam aromaterapi hasil karya tangan para warga yang turut hadir yang didampingi oleh tim dari D3 Farmasi UNS. Kegiatan ini telah mencapai sasaran yang diinginkan yaitu kemampuan warga Kelurahan Mojosongo dalam membuat suatu produk skala kecil menengah namun memiliki nilai yang tinggi baik dari aspek guna maupun finansial. Kegiatan pendampingan ini merupakan langkah awal dalam membentuk kemandirian masyarakat setempat untuk memproduksi balsam aromaterapi secara mandiri ataupun kelompok yang berada dalam lingkup UMKM.The Covid-19 pandemic that hit almost all countries, especially in Indonesia, made many people anxious, stressed, and frustrated due to the uncertainty of various aspects of life. Stress is generally a normal condition and does not cause health problems. Aromatherapy balms with the main ingredients of essential oils can be used as an alternative to relax the body and play a role in emotional regulation. This community service is the transfer of knowledge and assistance in training on making aromatherapy balm. The activities included providing information on making balm, followed by a training demonstration on aromatherapy balm. The service activity, carried out on October 25, 2022, resulted in an aromatherapy balm product that was handmade by the present residents, accompanied by a team from UNS Pharmacy D3. This activity has achieved the desired target, namely the ability of the residents of Mojosongo Village to make a small-medium-scale product that has a high value both in terms of use and finances. This mentoring activity is the first step in establishing the independence of the local community to produce aromatherapy balm independently or in groups within the scope of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME).

<p>Acute hepatitis is a health concern that emerged during the COVID-19 outbreak. Toxic drugs, infections, autoimmune diseases, and other causes may induce acute hepatitis, which is deadly. Acute hepatitis isn't treatable. Renewable natural products, such as fish, are used in complementary treatment. This paper mentions current preclinical and clinical studies of omega-3 fatty acids (N-3 FAs) for hepatoprotection. The mechanism of inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver is the subject of discussion associated with its potential as a treatment for acute hepatitis. This review article on acute hepatitis treatment analyzed original articles, books, and other relevant material from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The literature search was conducted in April-July 2022. The keywords explored during the literature investigation were "omega-3 or EPA or DHA or fish oil," "hepatoprotective," "acute hepatitis," "inflammatory", and "stress oxidative". The study's results show that N-3 FAs can protect against liver damage through inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. Enzyme parameters of liver damage, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress can be inhibited by the administration of fish oil and its derivatives. Even though not all clinical trial parameters are directly related to animal tests, the results of this study show that omega-3 fatty acids should be considered a treatment option for acute hepatitis.</p>