The peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has now been recognized as endemic viral disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in goats of Bangladesh. As there is no known effective drug against viral diseases, an attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic combined hyperimmune serum therapy (ACHST) against the deadly viral disease, PPR in goats. Naturally PPR infected 128 goats were randomly selected and used for this trial experiment in six different goat farms during the period from March 2001 to July 2003. The distribution of animals were 38 at the BLRI Goat Isolation Shed, Savar, 31 at Military Goat Farm, Savar, 14 at Bangladesh Missionary Farm, Sripur, 11 at the Olympia Goat Farm, Savar, 23 at the Globe Goat Farm, Kaliakoir and 11 at the Islam Nagar Goat Farm, Savar, and each of the selected goat was injected with specific hyperimmune serum @ 10 ml / goat IV daily for 3 days and oxytetracycline @ 1 ml / 10 kg body weight IM twice at 48 hours intervals, which resulted 78.94%, 70.97%, 57.14%, 63.64%, 60.87%, 63.64% and 68.75% recovery rates respectively with an average of 68.75%. The comparative evaluation of ACHST at different stages of naturally PPR infected goats showed highest recovery rate in incubation period (90.63%), followed by prodromal (78.13%), pneumonic (73.33%) and lowest in diarrhoeal (46.93%) phases. It may be concluded from these results that ACHST could be used as therapeutic measures for PPR infected goats. Key words: Goat; PPR; antibiotic; hyperimmune serum; therapy DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1918 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2003). 1(1) : 49 - 51

The serological responses and protection of Sonali breed chickens with Australian Newcastle disease V4 heat resistant (NDV4HR) live freeze-dried vaccine (Australian Webster Pvt. Ltd., Sydney) was compared with that of locally produced conventional Lentogenic F-strain Baby Chick Ranikhet Disease vaccine (BCRDV, DLS, Dhaka) of Bangladesh. Thirty day-old chicks were purchased from Mirpur Govt. Poultry Farm, Dhaka and maintained hygienically with commercial feed and water supply ad libitum during the experimental period from November 2002 to January 2003. These birds were divided into three groups (A, B and C), each consisting of 10 birds. Each birds of group A was vaccinated with NDV4HR and group B with BCRDV intraocularly, primary vaccination at 7 days and booster vaccination at 28 days of age, whereas the birds of group C kept as control. Sera samples of each of the bird of all the three groups were collected at 14 days of post-vaccination following each of the primary and booster vaccination at 23 and 44 days of age of birds. Each of the serum sample of all the three groups of birds was titrated by using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and results recorded that both the NDV4HR (32.49 ± 23.94) and BCRDV (28.28 ± 10.54) produced more or less similar serological response at two weeks after booster vaccination. The results of challenged experiment showed that the NDV4HR vaccine ( 80% ) apparently conferred higher protection to birds than the BCRDV vaccine (70%). Therefore both the vaccines may be recommended to control ND in commercial chickens but NDV4HR vaccine could provide a practical method of control ND in rural scavenging chickens. Key words: Serological responses, F-strain (BCRDV) NDV4HR vaccine, HI antibody titre, protection, chickens DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1913 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. ( 2003 ). 1 (1) : 25 - 27

Securing financial information, especially accounting, is essential in the digital world. This article explores organizations' challenges in protecting accounting data from evolving cyber threats. By sharing real-life case studies and industry research, we offer suggestions to enhance the security of accounting information. These recommendations include adopting cybersecurity frameworks implementing technical defenses like endpoint protection and network segmentation, following secure coding practices prioritizing user awareness and training, creating incident response and business continuity plans, regularly conducting vulnerability assessments and monitoring, maintaining strong vendor relationships, and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and standards. By implementing these suggestions, accounting professionals and organizations can strengthen cybersecurity measures. Effectively protect valuable financial data from the ever-growing threat landscape. Taking an approach that combines technical measures, user awareness, incident preparedness, and regulatory compliance is crucial when navigating the digital landscape with confidence and resilience.

The Rose Bengal test, Wright test and 2-mercaptoethanol test (OIE 2004) on the dams' serum showed negative results at the time of abortion and three to four weeks later. Commercial indirect ELISA kits (SVANOVA Biotech) were used for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in serum, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Kampa and others 2004). Serum samples from the aborted cattle were BVDV antibody-positive at the time of the abortion and showed a decrease in the antibody titre within four weeks after the abortion. All the serum samples were negative for antibody to BHV-1.Colonies morphologically resembling Brucella species were isolated from the abomasal contents of a fetus that was aborted from a vaccinated cow. No bacteria grew from culture of the remaining fetuses. Brucella species were not isolated from milk samples from any of the cows. The isolated colonies were Gram stained, and were subjected to serological and biochemical tests. Biomolecular typing by PCR was also carried out. The colonies were identified as B abortus strain RB51 by standard microbiological procedures (Alton and others 1988, Schurig and others 1991). Similar results were obtained by molecular typing using a specific PCR method (Vemulapalli and others 1999) to distinguish RB51 from both Brucella field isolates and from its parent virulent strain, 2308 (Fig 1). This PCR method has been approved by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for the definitive identification of strain RB51 (OIE 2004). In addition, the Brucellosis Reference Laboratory of the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, confirmed the identity of the isolate as vaccine strain of B abortus RB51.Although RB51 has been reported to cause fetal infection and abortion, when two heifers less than 12 months of age were inadvertently vaccinated during pregnancy with a full dose of the RB51 vaccine strain (Van Metre and others 1999), the occurrence of abortion after vaccination of pregnant cattle with a reduced dose of RB51 has not previously been reported. Most published evidence suggests that RB51 does not cause abortion in cattle and is less abortifacient than S19 if administered during pregnancy (Palmer and others 1997). Samartino and others (2000) reported that the vaccination of pregnant cattle that had been vaccinated with strain S19 as calves with 1·5 x 10 9 cfu RB51 appears to be a safe procedure. Palmer and others (1997) reported that subcutaneous vaccination of pregnant cattle at six months' gestation with a Abortions in pregnant dairy cows after vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51

In an investigation of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination programme, the performance of ND killed vaccine as a secondary one was performed to examine duration and level of antibody in both broiler and layer breeder parent stock in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, BAU, Mymensingh during the period from January to April 2004. For this, a total of 210 broiler and layer breeder birds of seven different breeds and ages flocks with history of regular vaccination were selected. A total of 30 breeder birds were selected for each of the experimental group. Birds, each of seven flocks were vaccinated with commercially availably two ND killed vaccine named as "Newcevac Nobilis®" and "Nobivac ND broiler®", Intervet. The Lohman Brown (LB-31), BV-300 (B-36), BV-300 (B-22) and Lohman Brown (LB-24) layer breeder birds were vaccinated with Newcevac Nobilis® killed vaccine @ 0.5ml/bird by intra-muscular route at 28, 25, 16 and 19 weeks of age and blood samples were collected at the age of 31, 36, 22 and 24 weeks and showed mean HI antibody titer ± SD 1518.93 ± 593.50, 563.20 ± 303.65, 1177.60 ± 618.36 and 1604.26 ± 655.04 respectively. In case of broiler breeder parent stock, Kasila (K-16), Kasila (K-34) and CoBB (Co-17) which were vaccinated with Nobivac ND broiler® killed vaccine @ 0.2ml/bird by intra-muscular route at 13, 24 and 13 weeks of age and sera samples were collected at 16, 34 and 17 weeks of age respectively which showed mean HI antibody titre ± SD 1117.87 ± 670.55, 725.33 ± 315.93 and 1109.33 ± 670.04 respectively. Considering the result of the study, vaccination with ND killed vaccine provoked a high level of humoral immunity and such a high level of antibody, as were observed, could be useful for breeder farms where chicks are required to have higher maternal antibody during their chick hood.