This paper reviews the basic concepts of rays, ray tracing algorithms, and radio propagation modeling using ray tracing methods. We focus on the fundamental concepts and the development of practical ray tracing algorithms. The most recent progress and a future perspective of ray tracing are also discussed. We envision propagation modeling in the near future as an intelligent, accurate, and real-time system in which ray tracing plays an important role. This review is especially useful for experts who are developing new ray tracing algorithms to enhance modeling accuracy and improve computational speed. INDEX TERMSRadio propagation, propagation modeling, ray tracing method, acceleration algorithm, GPU.

A comprehensive review of the propagation prediction models for terrestrial wireless communication systems is presented in this paper. The classic empirical models are briefly described and the focus is placed on the application of ray-tracing techniques to the development of deterministic propagation models. Schemes to increase the computational efficiency and accuracy are discussed. Traditional statistical models are also briefly reviewed for completeness. New challenges to the propagation prediction are described and some new approaches for meeting these challenges are presented.

The second edition of the Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook extends the data contained in the first edition, which was published by the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine in September 1976 [Johnson et ai., 1976]. Several additional techniques have been used to extend the frequency range over which the specific absorption rate or mass-normalized rate of energy absorption (SAR)is calculated for models of human beings and animals, which results in useful theoretical data over the frequency range 10 kHz to 100 GHz. Some information is also given about ground-plane effects, experimental data found in the literature, and thermal effects of irradiation.

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