Amphotericin B is a low soluble broad-spectrum antifungal agent. Cyclodextrins can be added to amphotericin formulations to enhance both their solubility and antifungal properties. Semisolid amphotericin formulations containing gamma cyclodextrin (AGCD) were prepared and compared with two reference formulations—one of them without any solubility enhancer (A) and the other with DMSO (ADMSO). Rheological, the permeability through hairless mouse skin and antifungal characteristics of the different formulations were evaluated. All three semisolid formulations show low thixotropy characteristics. ADMSO was the formulation with the least consistency, lowest viscosity, and greatest extensibility. The AGCD formulation had the opposite behavior and had both the greatest consistency and viscosity and the lowest extensibility. The lowest permeability was obtained with the reference A formulation while both AGCD and ADMSO had a similar permeability enhancement. According to the antimicrobial in vitro efficacy trials, the AGCD formulation showed 45–60% more activity than the reference A formulation. It can be concluded that γ-cyclodextrin is a useful excipient to improve the solubility, permeability, and antifungal activity of amphotericin B in semisolid topical formulations.
ResumenEl objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la concentración de la celulasa, celobiasa y del hidróxido de sodio en la hidrólisis de la celulosa del rastrojo de piña. El rastrojo de la piña de la variedad MD2 utilizado contiene: 86,4% de humedad, 12,06% de cenizas en base seca, 66,2% de holocelulosa y 8,3% lignina en base seca libre de extractos. Se realizó el pretratamiento a diferentes concentraciones de NaOH y diferentes tiempos encontrándose que el rendimiento más alto corresponde a un tiempo de 25 minutos. Para muestras pretratadas con NaOH al 1,00% y 1,25% (m/v) a una temperatura de 121 °C por 25 minutos, concentraciones de celulasa de 10, 15 y 20 FPU/g; una relación celulasa:celobiasa (v:v) de 5:1, 7:1 y 9:1 respectivamente, estadísticamente no se encontró diferencia significativa entre la concentración de hidróxido de sodio y la relación de enzima celulasa:celobiasa en el rendimiento de glucosa; por lo que se establece una concentración de NaOH de 1,00% en la etapa de pretratamiento y una relación de enzimas de 7:1. En la sacarificación y fermentación simultáneas utilizando cantidades de rastrojo de (25,10; 35,10 y 50,30) g/L se determinó que los rendimientos fueron de 56,26%; 52,45% y 50,33% respectivamente; resultados obtenidos al cabo de 25 horas de hidrólisis. La concentración de etanol promedio obtenida es de 1,87% v/v.Palabras clave: rastrojo de piña; material lignocelulósico; pretratamiento alcalino; etanol celulósico. AbstractThe main goal of this research was to determine the effect of cellulase, celobiase and sodium hydroxide concentration in the hydrolysis of cellulose of pineapple's straw. The straw used was obtained from pineapple variety MD2 and had this composition: 86,4% of water, 12,06% of ash (d.b), 66,2% of holocellulose and 8,2% of lignin (d.b free extracts).A pretreatment was executed at different times and concentrations of NaOH, and it was found that the highest yield is obtained at 25 minutes.For pretreated samples at test conditions of NaOH at 1,00% and 1,25%(m/v), 121 °C for 25 minutes, a cellulase concentration of 10, 15 and 20 FPU/g and cellulase: celobiase ratio (v:v) of 5:1, 7:1 and 9:1, it was found that there is no statistical difference between NaOH concentration and cellulase: celobiase ratio in the yield for obtaining glucose. It was fixed NaOH concentration of 1,00% for the pretreatment stage and enzymes ratio of 7:1.In the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for different concentrations of straw, it was determined that for 25 hours of hydrolysis, the yields for obtaining glucose were 56,26% for a straw concentration of 25,10 g/L, 52,45% for a concentration of 35,10 g/L and 50,33% for a concentration of 50,30 g/L. The mean ethanol concentration obtained was 1,87% v/v.
ResumenEl objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la vida útil de una pasta de tomate mediante pruebas aceleradas, empleando la degradación de color como indicador de deterioro. El producto se almacenó a 40°C, 45°C y 50°C durante 110 días, 120 días y 42 días, respectivamente. Se realizaron como mínimo 6 muestreos para cada temperatura y los resultados obtenidos se utilizaron para definir la cinética de esta reacción de deterioro. La cinética de la reacción encontrada era de orden cero y las constantes cinéticas obtenidas fueron 0,031 -1 , 0,064 día -1 , y 0,097 día -1 , en orden creciente de temperatura. Con estas velocidades de reacción y el modelo de Arrhenius se obtuvo además un valor de la energía de activación de 95680 J / mol . Por último, se obtuvo una relación para estimar la vida útil de la pasta de tomate, cuya ecuación general es Vida útil= 10 (4,259-0,053•T) .Palabras clave: vida útil, pasta de tomate, cinética de deterioro, energía de activación. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to estimate the shelf life of tomato paste using accelerated temperatures. The deterioration varable used was color. The product was stored at 40°C, 45°C and 50°C for 110, 120 and 42 days. It was sampled a least 6 times for each temperature and the results were used to define the kinetics for this deterioration. The order obtained for the kinetics' reaction was zero and the constants found were 0,031 day -1, 0,064 day -1 , y 0,097 day -1 , in the same temperature order. Making use of the Arrhenius Model, the calculated activation energy was 95680 J/mol . INTRODUCCIÓNEn la industria de los alimentos se requiere conocer la vida útil de los productos para asegurar a los consumidores finales que el alimento adquirido mantiene todas sus características en buen estado.La vida útil de un producto depende de muchos factores, como por ejemplo: ambientales, humedad, temperatura a la cual se expone, el proceso térmico que sufre, de la calidad de las materias primas que lo componen, entre otros. El resultado de la exposición a estos factores produce cambios en las cualidades del alimento que impide su comercialización como puede ser la pérdida de nutrientes, cambios de sabor, color o textura.Casp y April (1999) indican que hay un determinado tiempo, después de haber elaborado el producto, en el que se mantienen sus propiedades sensoriales y de seguridad, bajo determinadas condiciones de almacenamiento.El final de la vida útil de un producto se alcanza cuando ya no mantiene las cualidades requeridas para que el consumidor final lo utilice (Kuntz, 1991). La industria de alimentos se interesa por conocer la vida útil de los productos elaborados para suplirlos al mercado sin problemas de seguridad o de rechazo por parte de los consumidores.
SUMMARY Nineteen patients with chronic aortic regurgitation and a large increase in heart size were studied before aortic valve replacement. By relating midwall circumferential systolic stress to midwall circumferential fibre shortening (Cs/Cd) before operation the patients could be divided into two well defined groups. Twelve patients (group 1) had a pronounced decrease in heart size as measured by the cardiothoracic ratio and an excellent clinical outcome six months after operation. Seven patients (group 2) had no significant decrease in heart size and a less good clinical outcome. The ratio of midwall circumferential systolic stress to end systolic volume index was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. Group 2 had more severe left ventricular hypertrophy determined by the ratio of the wall thickness to the minor internal radius of the left ventricle (h:r ratio), total left ventricular mass, and left ventricular mass to end diastolic volume ratio. There were no significant differences in any other haemodynamic or angiographic indices between the two groups.Thus the relation of midwall circumferential systolic stress to fibre shortening is useful in determining the prognosis in individual patients with chronic aortic regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement.
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