For decades, CFD (computational uid dynamics) has been applied for numerical calculations of the rather complex ow in bubble columns using the two-uid approach (Euler/Euler method) as well as the Euler/Lagrange approach, both based on the point-mass approximation. Numerous di erent models and closures have been proposed and used for describing the uid dynamic forces acting on bubbles, modelling bubble induced turbulence (BIT) and transport of bubbles by turbulence structures (Sommerfeld, 2004). However, the dynamics of bubbles, i.e., oscillations and tumbling motion, is mostly neglected in such calculations since a physically based model in the frame of a point-particle approximation is not readily available. Such a model was developed, implemented in the frame of LES-Euler/Lagrange calculations (LES: Large Eddy Simulations) and validated based on detailed experiments (Sommerfeld and Bröder, 2009). The temporal evolution of bubble eccentricity was randomly generated based on measured correlations for the mean and rms (root mean square) values of eccentricity in connection with a theoretical oscillation time scale. Naturally, the state-of-the-art uid forces acting on the bubbles were considered and the transport of bubbles by sub-grid-scale-turbulence (SGS) was modelled by a Langevin approach, as well as turbulence modi cation by the bubbles being considered in the frame of the LES context. Similar to experimental observations, such a thorough model yielded a bubble tumbling motion even in the point-particle approximation. The correct anisotropic bubble uctuating velocities were thereby reproduced and good agreement with experiments was obtained for all other velocities. Note that bubble velocity uctuations were so far never considered for the validation of calculations, but they are of immense importance when also considering mass transfer. Hence, the bubbly dynamics model provided the correct bubble residence time and, as a result, a gas holdup identical to measured values.
The State of Paraíba is an important producer of artisanal cachaça that has outstanding quality in national tasting panels and for this reason this research studied organizational aspects for certification and compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices -GMP -of 53% of formal producers. Samples of cachaças from these producers were evaluated for physical-chemical and sensory quality by experienced tasters. Sixty-five percent of the cachaças evaluated met the legally determined physicalchemical quality parameters, but only 35% met the certification parameters. Evaluated the cachaça factories, on average, 85% of the GMP criteria were met. While, meeting the organizational criteria established for certification ranged from 48.1 to 82.4%. The sensory evaluation of the cachaça samples indicated that the distillates from Paraíba should be subjected to longer storage times in wooden barrels, as they had a high alcoholic olfactory character, aroma related to solvent, burning and pungency and did not present intense oiliness, vanilla flavor and caramel. The results indicated that cachaça producers in Paraíba will have difficulties in obtaining the certification seal, since they only respected 66.4% of the organizational aspects of registration and mandatory control.
RESUMO -O pão de forma convencional é um produto que apresenta em sua composição excelente nível de aceitação no mercado, embora o valor agregado do produto indique a necessidade de avaliar o efeito da adição de outras matérias-primas como alternativas para redução de custos na sua elaboração. Para se avaliar a qualidade de um produto deve-se levar em conta as propriedades sensoriais aceitáveis como essenciais no momento de sua venda e consumo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil sensorial de pão de forma enriquecido com a substituição parcial 5, 10 e 15% da farinha de trigo pela farinha de algaroba denominados PF1-pão de forma 1, PF2 -pão de forma 2 e PF3 -pão de forma 3 respectivamente. A metodologia aplicada foi o teste efetivo de aceitação, um teste que possibilita transformar dados subjetivos em objetivos e fornecer informações importantes sobre o quanto as pessoas gostam ou não de um determinado produto. O pão foi avaliado segundo os atributos: sabor e aroma utilizando-se da escala hedônica estruturada de nove pontos, variando do gostei muitíssimo (9) ao desgostei muitíssimo (1), Com a participação de 59 provadores não treinados. Estatisticamente para o atributo aroma o nível de aceitação para PF1 e PF2 não diferem em nível de 5% de probabilidade. Concluir-se que o nível de aceitação do pão de forma em relação aos atributos aroma e sabor, depende da concentração de farinha residual de algaroba adicionada na sua formulação.
INTRODUÇÃOA importância socioeconômica da algarobeira (Prosopis juliflora) para a região Nordeste, deve-se ao fato de ser uma leguminosa de rápido crescimento, elevada resistência a seca, comprovado potencial energético e estar inteiramente associada a inúmeras aplicações e usos no meio rural. As propriedades químicas e nutricionais dos seus frutos, favorecem a aplicação e o aproveitamento integral destes frutos, no desenvolvimento de diversos processos de inovação tecnológica. A transformação das suas vagens em produtos processados gera resíduos Área temática: Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos 1
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