Lists of thematically related words were presented to participants with or without a concurrent task. In Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, English or Spanish word lists were either low or high in concreteness (concrete vs abstract words) and were presented, respectively, auditorily or visually for study. The addition of a concurrent visual or auditory task, respectively, substantially reduced correct recall and doubled the frequency of false memory reports (nonstudied critical or theme words). Divided attention was interpreted as having reduced the opportunity for participants to monitor successfully their elicitations of critical associates. Comparisons of concrete and abstract lists revealed significantly more recalls of false memories for abstract than concrete word lists. Comparisons between two levels of attention, two levels of word concreteness, and two presentation modalities failed to support the "more is less" effect by which enhanced correct recall is accompanied by increased frequencies of false memories.
In two experiments, congruence of postevent information was manipulated in order to explore its role in the misinformation effect. Congruence of a detail was empirically defined as its compatibility (or match) with a concrete event. Based on this idea it was predicted that a congruent suggested detail would be more easily accepted than an incongruent one. In Experiments 1 and 2 two factors(congruence and truth value ) were manipulated within-subjects, and a two-alternative forced-choice recognition test was used followed by phenomenological judgements. Furthermore, in the second experiment participants were asked to describe four critical items (two seen and two suggested details)to explore differences and similarities between real and unreal memories. Both experiments clearly showed that the congruence of false information caused a robust misinformation effect, so that congruent information was much more accepted than false incongruent information. Furthermore, congruence increased the descriptive and phenomenological similarities between perceived and suggested memories, thus contributing to the misleading effect.
Este trabajo se sitúa dentro del tema más general de «Memoria de Personas», un área de la Psicología de reciente denominación (Hastie y cols., 1980), aunque sus orígenes pueden remontarse a fines del siglo lux con la aparición de las primeras investigaciones sobre la memoria de testigos de sucesos (Diges y Mira, 1983).Por «Memoria de Personas» se entiende un cuerpo de investigaciones y modelos teóricos que pretenden explicar cómo se adquiere, organiza, guarda y recupera la información sobre las personas que conocemos o encontramos en la vida diaria, por lo que en su mismo objeto de estudio se determina ya una confluencia e interacción de distintos enfoques psicológicos: desde la perspectiva cognitiva -con que se abordan en la actualidad los procesos de memoria y pensamiento-, al enfoque social -característico de la interacción personal y la moderna cognición social-, pasando por los modelos de personalidad y del self -propios de una Psicología preocupada por las diferencias individuales-, y por el enfoque más aplicado de la Psicología del Testimonio.Todo esto hace que la «Memoria de Personas» sea un campo en el que tanto las teorías como las técnicas de investigación se diversifican de tal modo que resulta necesario sistematizar y delimitar los distintos campos de explicación y acción. Este esquema clarificador del área no se ha llevado a cabo aún, pero aquí vamos a utilizar uno bastante elemental para centrar este trabajo.Así, desde un punto de vista teórico, los temas que se pueden poner bajo el rótulo de «Memoria de Personas» se sitúan en tres grandes apartados:1. La adquisición de información sobre personas y eventos sociales con ellas relacionados. 2. La retención de información sobre personas -que implica su organización y la definición de reglas de relación e inferencia para tratarla-y sobre los sucesos que les ocurren (conductas o acciones). 3. La utilización o recuperación de la información anterior, que puede ser implícita o explícita.
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