This thesis discusses the recent history and prospects of Brazilian economic development from the perspective of the industry. The central hypothesis is that Brazil has undergone a process of relative industrialization and that is the main cause of increasing the country's distance with regard to the frontier of development.The destruction of the industry was only partial because the branches of the productive structure that had achieved some degree of maturity preserved its productive capacity, even losing important links in the chain. The detailed analysis of external trade in the light of more general conditions of the global market shows the decline of the importance of the Brazilian industry despite the increasing of manufacturing exports.The general sense of the data presented, which are sometimes contradictory or inconclusive, is based on several theoretical contributions that point to the two central propositions of the thesis: (i) economic development, defined as the progressive insertion of knowledge to production processes is inseparable from industrialization; (ii) the internalization of activities promoting development can not happen solely through market mechanisms, i.e. without the continued implementation of development policies.The analysis of the global market and the current discussion of the concepts of de-industrialization and deterioration of terms of trade made it possible to establish a typology of developing countries according to their ability to internalize industrial sectors.The industrial diversification until the early 1980's, the survival of some of the instruments of industrial policy and some distinguishing features of the Brazilian economy prevented a widespread regression of the productive structure.But that was inadequate to guarantee a dynamic path as that of Asian countries that have kept the development process because the ambiguous nature of economic policy has not allowed the advance of industrial competitiveness with the exception of some sectors.The interruption of development is centrally related to this particular pattern of industrial restructuring resulting from Brazil's inability to carry on incorporating dynamic industrial sectors through development policies.In the methodology, several problems had to be dealt with, sometimes from innovative solutions. It was created a synthetic indicator of economic development to make statistically robust the typology of trajectories of development.It was shown that in some indicators the changing boundaries between manufacturing and extractive industries can underrate de-industrialization. It was used an innovative methodology to measure the evolution of technological intensity of Brazilian industry that corroborates its regressive nature. Some calculating problems of the real exchange rate were examined in order to disqualify any favorable interpretation of industrial restructuring based on this variable. Another contribution is the inclusion of summary indicators that seek to measure the external trade performance in a global...

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In the early 1990s, the Brazilian car industry gradually began to be regarded, in both Brazil and abroad, as a ''promising emerging market''. Heavy cross subsidy and subvention were involved in the attempt to realise what was perceived as a ''market opportunity'' for the Brazilian car industry. Massive income transfers occurred among consumers, producers, workers and government in Brazil, as well as between local actors and companies and, rentiers abroad. In short, the process of market creation involved heavy social costs. This paper maps several dimensions of the process of market creation as well as the social costs and the paradoxes involved. It raises issues of policy design for market creation, particularly in developing countries, and underlines the need to include market creation mechanisms in the research agenda of the automobile industry.

CIP -Brasil. Catalogação na fonte Sindicato Nacional dos Editores de Livros D392 De Negri, .ernanda. Desempenho comercial das empresas estrangeiras no Brasil na década de 90 / .ernanda De Negri. Rio de Janeiro : BNDES, 2004. 90p.; 23cm. Dissertação (mestrado) Unicamp, 2003. 26º Prêmio BNDES de Economia. 1. Empresas estrangeiras. Desempenho. 2. Brasil Comércio exterior. I. Título. CDD 338.

IntroduçãoOs termos "industrialização" e "desenvolvimento econômico" foram praticamente sinônimos no Brasil entre os anos 30 e os anos 80, mas o consenso quanto ao papel da indústria no desenvolvimento brasileiro desfez-se a partir de então. Para tanto, contribuíram diversos fatores.De um lado, existe uma opinião relativamente generalizada de que o Brasil teria completado seu processo de industrialização "pesada" e que, portanto, os investimentos na indústria não teriam mais dimensões suficientes para impulsionar a economia como um todo.De outro lado, a percepção de alguns de que para retomar seu dinamismo, seria necessário que a indústria aumentasse sua competitividade internacional. Para tanto, a indústria brasileira deveria tornar-se mais especializada e eficiente, as empresas industriais deveriam deixar de lado produtos e atividades nas quais não fossem competitivas.Paralelamente, muitos analistas abraçaram a idéia de que o Brasil deveria redirecionar seus esforços e adotar uma estratégia de desenvolvimento que aproveitasse melhor suas vantagens comparativas no agronegócio e em outras atividades intensivas em recursos naturais. Em síntese, a indústria não deveria nem poderia mais desempenhar o papel de motor do crescimento e do desenvolvimento da economia brasileira.Transcorrida mais de uma década e meia desde o início das reformas, o Brasil ainda procura uma estratégia eficiente de desenvolvimento capaz de substituir a industrialização.Nesse contexto, não é difícil entender as razões do forte impacto do trabalho de Palma (2005) no qual constatava-se a ocorrência de um processo de desindustrialização da economia brasileira. O trabalho, divulgado em seminário internacional organizado pela FIESP e pelo IEDI em São Paulo, nesse ano, teve ampla repercussão na imprensa especializada. Mais recentemente, outros trabalhos (Nassif, 2006 e BNDES, 2006, retomaram o tema e, com base em dados mais amplos e atualizados, apresentaram resultados diferentes dos de Palma.