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h i g h l i g h t sTransparent and flexible enzymatic fuel cells were fabricated and characterised. The glucose/oxygen utilising devices were nanostructured, membrane-less and mediator-free. Nanoimprint lithography was used for nanostructuring of polymer based electrodes. Nanostructured electrodes were metallised and biomodified. This type of biodevice could potentially be used in smart electronic contact lenses. Here we detail transparent, flexible, nanostructured, membrane-less and mediator-free glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cells, which can be reproducibly fabricated with industrial scale throughput. The electrodes were built on a biocompatible flexible polymer, while nanoimprint lithography was used for their nanostructuring. The electrodes were covered with gold, their surfaces were visualised using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, and they were also studied spectrophotometrically and electrochemically. The enzymatic fuel cells were fabricated following our previous reports on membrane-less and mediator-free biodevices in which cellobiose dehydrogenase and bilirubin oxidase were used as anodic and cathodic biocatalysts, respectively. The following average characteristics of transparent and flexible biodevices operating in glucose and chloride containing neutral buffers were registered: 0.63 V open-circuit voltage, and 0.6 mW cm À2 maximal power density at a cell voltage of 0.35 V. A transparent and flexible enzymatic fuel cell could still deliver at least 0.5 mW cm À2 after 12 h of continuous operation.Thus, such biodevices can potentially be used as self-powered biosensors or electric power sources for smart electronic contact lenses.