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Hydration processes were previously thought to be limited in amorphous tantalum oxide (ATO) capacitors. However, in-situ measurements show that hydration can produce substantial stresses in ATO. These measurements were also used to systematically investigate several important factors during hydration: the ATO thickness, electrolyte pH, annealing, and electrical field variations. Analysis of these data indicates that hydration in aqueous electrolytes is a diffusion limited process with diffusivities of 2-3 (10) −15 cm 2 /sec. Pulsed electric fields with different strengths were also applied to further elucidate stress contributions from different mechanisms. Heat treatments up to 400 • C produce changes in the structure of the ATO that leads to significant variations in the electrochemical hydration behavior.

The all-solid-state battery is a promising alternative to the conventional lithium-ion batteries that have reached the limit of their technological capabilities. The next-generation lithium-ion batteries are expected to be eco-friendly,...

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