ResumoO objetivo desse artigo é discutir as competências profissionais exigidas para a aplicação de experiências em aulas de ciências tanto na escola primária como no ensino médio. Os professores salientam a importância de experiências no ensino de ciência, mas algumas investigações testemunham seu desagrado em conduzi-las, e suas proposições exprimem as dificuldades de propor alternativas aos seus métodos pedagógicos de intervenção. Sob um olhar mais atento, o consenso dos professores sobre a importância da "experimentação", para a aprendizagem em ciência parece apenas aparente. Por isso, é essencial analisar as formas e as funções de experiências no domínio do ensino de ciências, esclarecer e discutir os seus problemas educacionais.Palavras chaves: experimentação, ensino de ciências, formação de professores.
AbstractThis article aims to help clarify the professional skills required for the experiences lessons at primary school as a secondary education. Teachers willingly stressed the importance of experiences in science education, but several investigations demonstrate their dismay to lead them, and their words express difficult to alternatives in their pedagogical methods of intervention. To look more closely, the consensus among players on the importance of "experiments" in science learning seems only apparent. So it is essential to analyzing the forms and functions of experiences in science education, clarify and discuss their educational issues.
Depuis plusieurs années, la notion de “rapport au savoir” connaît un vif succès dans les travaux de recherche qui étudient la différenciation dans les apprentissages. Une présentation rapide des différents cadres théoriques, utilisés en Sciences de l’Education, permet de situer l’orientation choisie pour nos travaux, réalisés en 2000 dans le cadre d’un DEA de didactique. Ces deux études, l'une effectuée auprès de collégiens et l’autre auprès de lycéens, portent sur l’apprentissage différencié de savoirs de nature différente, mais concernant un même champ de biologie végétale. Situé dans une perspective évolutive de ce domaine de recherche, ce texte essaie de répertorier les problèmes théoriques et méthodologiques posés par cette approche pour en effectuer un bilan provisoire. Nous abordons ainsi les questions d'appropriation de la notion de “ rapport au savoir” par la didactique des sciences expérimentales, et des liens qui s'établissent entre “rapport au savoir”, attitude scolaire et posture d’apprentissage. Plusieurs mises en tension et questions vives sont soulevées.
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