No previous significant and detailed botanical study exists on Ballota nigra L. subsp. anatolica P.H. Davis, which is endemic in Turkey and is used in folk medicine. B. nigra has been reported as Marrubium nigrum and it is difficult to separate from Stachys. The aim of this study is to provide information on the anatomical, morphological, and cytological properties of Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica. Phytochemical screening methods were also applied for identifying the major chemical groups in this species. Chromosome shapes and chromosome number were determined. Flavonoids, phenylpropanoid heterosides, tannins, saponins, volatile oil, terpenic compounds, and sugars were detected in the aerial parts of the plant.

Isoflavones are polyphenolic phytoestrogens, predominantly found in leguminous plants. Trifolium pratense L., Fabaceae (red clover), is rich in isoflavones that possess estrogenic activity due to their similar molecular structure and effectiveness in preventing health conditions such as menopause, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and hormone-dependent cancers. In this study, presence and amount of various phytoestrogens in the tetraploid plant and in the calluses derived from the plants were investigated. Calluses were generated from explants obtained from natural tetraploid T. pratense seedlings. The best callus formation was obtained from hypocotyl explants cultured in Phillips Collins and Gamborg B5 media containing different plant growth regulators. Flowers of plants and calluses were analysed for formononetin, biochanin A, genistein and daidzein contents using HPLC. In HPLC analysis, high levels of formononetin (0.249 µg/mg) were determined in natural tetraploid T. pratense flowers in addition to genistein and biochanin A. In calluses, highest isoflavone content (1.15 µg/mg formononetin) was observed in modified Gamborg B5 medium. Biochanin A content of calluses and the plant were found to be nearly the same. But formononetin and genistein contents of the calluses in this medium were found to be respectively 4.62 and 21.39 folds higher than the tetraploid plant.

Barley roots were traeted for 1-24 hours vith 0.1-10 mMol/1 lead uitrate Solutions and examined by transmission eîectron ınicroscope. Lead deposits were observed in the middle lamella, celi walls and in the pinocytctically formed vesicle at the firs^ and third hours, at low conccntrations. The plasmalertıma acts as a barrier to the influx of lead intc the protoplasm. But this was not considered as a complete protection mechanism. With iucreasing concentratîons and time, lead has migrated to the cytopîasm, and even to the nucleus and the nucleolus. The epidermal and the cortical cells were highly susceptible to the lead. They were sericusiy injured exhibiting plasmolysis and disorganized celi structure. The endodermis has protected the Central cyîinder for a short time. The eîectron micropgraphs made after 6 and 24 hours of lead treatments in the ali experimental combinations have shown dense lead deposits in ali tissues. Lead has been taken up and has accumulated by barley rocts and caused structural damages in root cells.

Gaziantep yöresinde Afat olarak bilinen Gentiana olivieri'nin herbası, halk arasında iştah açıcı, sindirime yardımcı, antidiyabetik, antianemik, antihepatotoksik ve sakinleştirici olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, in vitro çimlendirilen G. olivieri'den alınan kök ve yaprak eksplantlarının karanlıkta kallus üretim kapasitesi araştırılmıştır. WPM ve MS ortamlarına kallus dokusu oluşumunu uyarmak için 0.5 mg L-1 BAP-1 mg L-1 NAA ile 0.2 ve 0.5 mg L-1 Kinetin-1 mg L-1 NAA kullanılmıştır. Kalluslar her 4 haftada bir alt kültüre alınmıştır. Kallus miktarındaki artışı belirlemek için kallus büyüme indeksi hesaplanmıştır. En iyi kallus gelişimi yaprak eksplantında, 0.5 mg L-1 BAP-1 mg L-1 NAA içeren WPM'de eksplant ekimini takiben 4 hafta sonra gözlenirken, kök eksplantında ise 0.2 mg L-1 Kinetin-1 mg L-1 NAA içeren MS ortamında, 8 hafta sonra gözlenmiştir. Yaprak eksplantından WPM'de üç alt kültür süresince oluşan kalluslar, metanol ile ekstre edilmiştir. Sekonder metabolitler ince tabaka kromatografisiyle (İTK) incelenmiştir. Plaklarda, iridoit yapısında olduğu düşünülen lekeler gözlenmiştir.

Background:Gentiana olivieri Griseb. (Afat) (Gentianaceae), which has many bioactive compounds is used as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, digestive aid, antidepressant, and antianemic in traditional medicine.Materials and Methods:Root, stem, and leaf sections of G. olivieri were taken free hand or by sliding microtome and examined on light microscope.Results:Anatomical characters of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of Gentianaceae anatomy.Conclusion:Intraxylary phloem, which was primarily the distinguishing feature between Gentianoideae and Menyanthoideae sub-families was observed in G. olivieri roots.