The fuel consumption rate rises and is expected to increase continuously, causing fuel supplies to be depleted and this condition forces the community to find alternative sources of fuel such as bio-briquettes. The waste of canary shells is widespread in Indonesia and can be used as an alternative energy source of bio-briquette making. There is a need for study on the influence of raw materials bio-briquette mixture of coal and canary shells against the value of calories produced. Bio-briquette making in this study have been done using canary shell and coal with a composition: (250 gr coal/canary shell: 12.5 tapioca starch: 50 ml water). Before briquette making, the canary shell samples are pirolysed and a grain-size reduction is performed on both of coal and canary shells. Canary shell and coal bio-briquettes are made with four variations (types). The types of bio briquette are: type I of bio-briquette with a composition of 250 gr (coal) + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). Type II of bio-briquette with a composition of 250 gr (canary shell) + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). Type III of bio-briquette with a composition of 62.5 gr canary shell + 62.5 gr coal + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). Bio-briquette type IV consist of 93.75 gr (canary shell) + 31.25 (coal) + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). After preparation, all bio briquettes are analyzed to determine the caloric value. The results of the study shows bio-briquette type I has a caloric value of 5,539 kcal/g, bio-briquette type II produces the highest calorie value of 6,354 kcal/g, and bio-briquette type III is 6,020 kcal/g. Further more bio-briquette Type IV indicate caloric value of 6,096 kcal/g. Bio-briquette type IV is the most recommended in the utilization because of the goal of this study is to use canary shell as an alternative fuel.

Mining activities disturbing large areas of land may increase erosion rate up to several hundred times greater than from undisturbed areas. The erosion process occurs in stripping overburden, excavation of rocks and minerals, dumping in stock file and waste dump, and mine reclamation. Since the eroded material/sediment becomes a big problem to the environment and for mining operations, estimation of soil erosion need to be carried out to create a good mine planning. For the early stage, a study of soil erosion was performed to classify erosion hazard level and to estimate soil erosion size. This study uses the Revised Unified Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method supported with Geographic Information System application for study area in the Block D1-D3 of Petea Mine Area. The study result showed that the research area can be classify into four erosion hazard level namely; low, medium, heavy, and very heavy with estimated material losses is 116,146.43 tons/year.

Coal deposits in Banti Village, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia are geographically located at coordinates: 03°27‘59.72” south latitude and 119°51‘34.35” east longitude and are categorized as medium coal quality. This is evidenced by the results of several analysis that have been carried out. Microscopic analysis showed that there were three dominant minerals such as quartz, pyrite and clay. While the results of mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) coal in Banti Village show the contents of minerals such as quartz, illite, kaolinite, pyrite, and hematite. Proximate and total sulfur analysis of Banti coal was carried out in 3 samples, namely; sample ENRE-1A, ENRE-1C, ENRE-1D. Banti coal samples shows the average value of total moisture 2.29%, 13.79% ash content, 28.77% volatile matter, 55.83% fixed carbon, and 1.16% total sulfur content. ENRE-1A coal sample shows total moisture 3.20%, ash content 13.72%, volatile matter 27.57%, fixed carbon 55.52%, and total sulfur content 1.84%. ENRE-1C coal sample contains the lowest total moisture which is 1.68%, the highest ash content is 16.9%, volatile matter is 27.79%, fixed carbon is 53.76%, and total sulfur content is 0.92%. ENRE-1D coal sample showed total moisture content of 1.98%, ash content of 10.76%, volatile matter of 31.06%, fixed carbon of 65.2%, and total sulfur content of 0.70%. Analysis of calorific value of Banti coal samples respectively shows 6,785 kcal/kg for sample ENRE-1A, 6,794 kcal/kg for sample ENRE-1C, and 7,229 kcal/kg for sample ENRE-1D. Analyses of the three coal samples were carried out based on ASTM 1981. The presence of quartz, illite, kaolinite, pyrite, and hematite minerals in the coal samples affects the hight ash content in Banti coal. The sulfur content present on Banti coal is mainly due to the presence of pyrite. In general, the ash and sulfur content of Banti coal is classified as medium coal category. Banti coal has good quality for further study, especially coal seam ENRE-1D (coal seam containt hight calorific value and low total sulfur content).

Latowu ultramafic block in the Southeastern Arm Sulawesi locally hosts elevated concentrations of Fe in addition to Ni. We investigated both host rock and mineralized samples' mineralogy and chemistry to find out mineralogical and chemical characteristics and interpret the iron mineralization process with beneficiation implications. The mineralogical nature of the samples was analyzed using optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) methods. The whole-rock and mineral chemistry analyses were performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques. The analysis showed that the ultramafic rocks had been undergone a strong to complete serpentinization degree where lizardite appears to be the predominant mineral. Magnetite in this research comprised the principal iron-bearing mineral and functioned as discrete fine-grains and subhedral to anhedral crystals. Magnetite occurs as fragments in breccia, alteration rim in spinel, fine-grained disseminations, and micro veins. This research found that the whole-rock chemistry of an ultramafic breccia showed an elevated concentration in Fe2O3 with a grade of 28.44 wt%. Electron probe analysis of magnetite shows a wide variation of Fe ranging from 31.10 wt% to 67.20 wt%. It is interpreted that the formation of magnetite within ultramafic rocks is influenced by the hydration of primary minerals, mainly olivine. Iron is most likely released from olivine or pyroxene crystals during serpentinization, and the higher water content of serpentine promotes its mobility. It is suggested that the magnetic separation method can be potentially used to increase the Fe grade.

Petrological and geochemical characterization of some ultramafic rock samples from Sulawesi has been conducted with the aim at deciphering physico-chemical properties in relation to their potential use as carbon dioxide storage. Mineralogical analysis was performed by means of optical microscopy and whole rock chemical compositions of the samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Results of analyses show that lizardite is predominant serpentine mineral present, followed by chrysotile and trace amount of magnetite. Remnants of olivine and pyroxene were detected in some samples but they have been pseudomorphically replaced by serpentine. Serpentinization of Sulawesi ultramafic rocks has led to transformation of olivine and lesser pyroxene become secondary phases mainly lizardite and minor chrysotile. This process also has changed the properties of rocks such as reduction in grain size and decreasing in density. Relatively higher MgO concentration combined with fine grained and porous rocks indicate that some Sulawesi ultramafic rocks are good candidate as the host for mineral carbonation. Fosteritic olivine and serpentine (lizardite) are the most soluble Mg-rich minerals in acid. Carbonation may occurs where Mg2+ readily reacts with CO2 forming thermodynamicly stable magnesite (MgCO3)