Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of complete coverage and content of available antenatal care (ANC) on the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) in 4 countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).Methods: Measures of complete coverage and content of ANC services included the frequency of ANC visits and the seven service components (blood pressure measurement, iron supplementation, tetanus toxoid immunization, explanations of pregnancy complications, urine sample test, blood sample test, and weight measurement). The complete coverage and content of ANC services were assessed as high if more than 4 ANC visits and all seven components were delivered. Multivariable logistic regression with complex survey designs was conducted using Demographic Health Survey data from the 4 ASEAN countries in question from 2014 to 2017.Results: The proportion of LBW infants was higher in the Philippines (13.8%) than in Indonesia (6.7%), Cambodia (6.7%), or Myanmar (7.5%). Poor ANC services were associated with a 1.30 times higher incidence of LBW than a high level of complete coverage and content of ANC services (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.52). In addition, the risk of LBW was higher in the Philippines than in other countries (aOR, 2.25; 95% CI, 2.01 to 2.51) after adjusting for mothers’ demographic/socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and other factors.Conclusions: In sum, complete coverage and content of ANC services were significantly associated with the incidence of LBW in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The Philippines did not show statistically significant results for this relationship, but had a higher risk of LBW with poor ANC.

Abstrak Pendahuluan: Di Indonesia kasus Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) telah menjadi perhatian dengan dibentuknya Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19. Gugus tugas tersebut telah membuat pedoman penanganan cepat medis dan kesehatan masyarakat. Tujuan: Melakukan uji coba lapangan pedoman penanganan cepat medis dan kesehatan masyarakat tentang COVID-19 dalam hal pemahaman, daya tarik, penerimaan, keterlibatan individu, dan bujukan/keyakinan. Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Informan dipilih secara purposive sampling sebanyak 5 informan. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam yang dilakukan secara virtual. Instrumen penelitian dikembangkan oleh tim peneliti berupa panduan wawancara mendalam yang meliputi 5 aspek pre-testing communication. Pedoman wawancara diuji coba kepada sasaran yang memiliki kriteria yang sama dengan informan penelitian sebanyak 5 orang. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan analisis tematik. Hasil: Pemahaman tenaga kesehatan tentang pedoman penanganan cepat medis dan kesehatan masyarakat tentang COVID-19 di Indonesia cukup baik, tetapi sulit dipahami bagi masyarakat umum. Pada dimensi daya tarik, pedoman ini cukup menarik tenaga kesehatan, tetapi kurang menarik bagi masyarakat umum. Pe-doman ini dapat diterima baik oleh tenaga kesehatan maupun masyarakat umum. Keterlibatan individu bagi tenaga kesehatan dan masyarakat terhadap pe-doman ini sudah sesuai. Pedoman ini meyakinkan untuk merubah perilaku tenaga kesehatan dan masyarakat. Kesimpulan: Pedoman ini cocok untuk tenaga kesehatan tetapi perlu beberapa revisi agar lebih mudah dipahami dan menarik. Pedoman ini kurang cocok untuk masyarakat karena sulit dipahami dan kurang menarik.

Background Although child malnutrition has been reducing, the coexistence in mothers and children of various forms of malnutrition has continued to rise around the world. In the Indonesian context, a knowledge gap exists on the coexistence of multiple malnutrition burdens. This study examines trends in the coexistence of the triple burden of malnutrition (TBM) among mother–child pairs living in the same house and explores multilevel (individual, household, and community) factors associated with TBM in Indonesia.Methods We used data from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research, the nationally representative survey of the Indonesian population, as repeated cross-sectional surveys. The anthropometric measurements of the mother–child pairs and the hemoglobin levels of the children were collected. We employed a multilevel mixed-effects model to consider the hierarchical data structure. The model captured the role of cluster, district, provincial differences, and the individual, household, community-level, and TBM status characteristics.Results Of 3,891 mother–child pairs analyzed, 24.9% experienced TBM. Girls had 63% higher odds than boys of TBM (aOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.03). Significantly lower odds were found in children of mothers who had a gestational age lower than 37 weeks (aOR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.94). At the household level, children with a father who had a high-school, primary-school, or no school education had significantly higher odds of TBM than children of fathers who had graduated from academy. Children of mothers who visited Antenatal Care (ANC) no more than 6 times had significantly lower odds (aOR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.88). Children of mothers who consumed Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplements had significantly lower odds.Conclusion TBM is related to characteristics at not just the individual level but also the family and community levels. To achieve significant outcomes, integrated nutrition interventions in Indonesia should also consider family and community factors.