Urinalysis is the examination of normal and abnormal constituents of urine. It is an easy, cheap, and vital initial diagnostic test for veterinarians. Complete urinalysis includes the examination of color, odor, turbidity, volume, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts, crystal, and organisms. Semi-quantitative urine analysis with urine dipsticks, as well as an automatic analyzer, provides multiple biochemical data. Contamination is almost entirely avoided if the protocols for ensuring a proper sample have been followed, as mentioned still consideration must be given to the likelihood of contamination, even if the sample is correctly obtained. Interpretation of urinalysis will be doubtful if the knowledge of the interference is limited. Well-standardized urinalysis, when correlated in the context of history, clinical findings, and other diagnostic test results, can identify both renal and non-renal disease. This paper reviews significance of different components of urinalysis of dog and cat, such as collection, storage, examination, interpretation, and common causes of error in the result.

Flooding is one of the major constraints of rice production in the rainfed lowland rice ecosystem. To cope with the frequent flooding in the climate change regime, tolerant cultivars are urgently needed to protect the paddy crop from flash floods. With the help of molecular markers, a major QTL for submergence tolerance "Sub1" was introgressed into a rainfed lowland mega variety Ranjit of N.E. India, by backcrossing followed by two generations of selfing. In this modified marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), a gene based marker Sub1BC 2 and 50051 SNPs were used for foreground and background selection, respectively, in backcrosses between a Sub1 donor, Swarna-Sub1 and the recipient variety, Ranjit. The recombinant selection was skipped and background selection was deferred to BC 2 F 2 generation. The size of the donor fragment was found to be 1.65Mb. The introgression of this small segment was possible due to large population and strict selection in segregating generations for the recurrent parent with the help of 62 DUS characters. Ranjit-Sub1, a selection in BC 2 F 2 generation, showed background recovery of 96.54% and submergence tolerance similar to the tolerant donor parent. Yield, yield-components and grain physico-chemical properties showed successful recovery of these traits in Ranjit-Sub1, with yield potential ranging from 6.5 to 7.0 t/ha, not significantly different from the recurrent parent, Ranjit. Therefore, Ranjit-Sub1 has been recommended for Zone III for submergence stress conditions in India. The study demonstrates a rapid and highly precise strategy adopted to introgress a major QTL by BC 2 F 2 generation into a modern rice variety using a modified MABC.

Weaving is a common enterprise performed predominantly by women of Assam. Weaving is done mainly for preparation of articles both for household and commercial purpose. Fly shuttle loom is an improved loom used by weavers for higher production as compared to traditional hand loom. It was observed that seating arrangement was fixed with the loom is not comfortable to the fly shuttle weavers. An attempt was made to design an improved ergonomically weaving chair for the fly shuttle weavers (40 inches-height of the loom) for enhancing greater efficiency. For the testing effectiveness of the ergonomically designed weaving chair, the physical fitness of weavers, physiological workload, muscular and postural stress involved in the weaving activity by using both fixed and ergonomically designed chair were assessed. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was calculated using Borg's 5 point rating scale. Body Map was used to identify pains in different parts of the body. Twenty rural women without any health problem in the age group of 20-45 years were selected for this experimental study. Lean Body Mass (LBM) of the respondents was 30.60 kgs. Aerobic capacity (VO 2 ) and fat percentage of the women were found to be 31.80 (ml. kg -1 . min -1 ) and 20.20. About 55 per cent of the respondents were having very good physical fitness. Results indicate that working heart rate and energy expenditure of the respondents while using fixed seat were 98.36 b.min -1 and 6.87 kJ/min and ergonomically designed weaving chair were 90.44 b.min -1 and 5.67 kJ/min, respectively. On the basis of average and peak heart rate and energy expenditure, the physiological workloads of weaving in both the conditions were categorized as 'light'. Average rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was 3.2 in fixed seats and ergonomically designed chair 2.5 in in 5 point scale. The angle of deviation of the weavers were 4.35 0 in fixed seat and 3.80 0 in ergonomically weaving designed chair. The incidences of musculo skeletal problems in different parts of the body were observed to be 'severe' to 'moderate' in fixed seat and 'mild' to 'very mild' while using improved ergonomically designed weaving chair. And intensity of pain was decreased in ergonomically designed weaving chair. Use of fixed seat compelled the weavers to adopt awkward postures while performing weaving activity. Ergonomic interventions of such an ergonomically designed improved chair can enhance work efficiency comfort level of the fly shuttle weavers.

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