Understanding the genetic determinants are essential for improving the fruit quality traits of strawberry. In this study, we focused on mapping the loci for fruit-length (FL),-diameter (FD),-weight (FW) and-soluble solid content (SSC) using the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified via ddRAD-sequencing of the F 1 population raised from Maehyang (♀) X Festival (♂). A total of 12,698 high quality SNPs were identified of which 1554 SNPs that showed significant Mendelian segregation (p < 0.05) were mapped to 53 linkage groups (LG) spanning a total of 2937.93 cM with an average marker density of 2.14 cM/locus. Six QTLs for FL and four QTLs for each of FD, FW and SSC were identified that explained 24-35%, 21-42%, 24-54% and 23-50% of overall phenotypic variations, respectively. The genes that lie within these QTL regions were extracted and discussed thoroughly. In addition, a high resolution melting marker (MF154) were designed based on the SNP A1 723 G of the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase GEPI48-like gene FAN_iscf00021287. The marker detected the high vs low sugar containing F 1 plants and commercial cultivars with 81.39% and 86.95% detection accuracy, respectively. These SNPs, linkage map, QTLs and candidate genes will be helpful in understanding and improving the fruit quality traits of strawberry.
The inheritance and causal loci for resistance to blackleg, a devastating disease of Brassicaceous crops, are yet to be known in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Here, we report the pattern of inheritance and linked molecular marker for this trait. A segregating BC1 population consisting of 253 plants was raised from resistant and susceptible parents, L29 (♀) and L16 (♂), respectively. Cotyledon resistance bioassay of BC1 population, measured based on a scale of 0–9 at 12 days after inoculation with Leptosphaeria maculans isolate 03–02 s, revealed the segregation of resistance and ratio, indicative of dominant monogenic control of the trait. Investigation of potential polymorphism in the previously identified differentially expressed genes within the collinear region of ‘B. napus blackleg resistant loci Rlm1′ in B. oleracea identified two insertion/deletion (InDel) mutations in the intron and numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the LRR-RLK gene Bol040029, of which six SNPs in the first exon caused the loss of two LRR domains in the susceptible line. An InDel marker, BLR-C-InDel based on the InDel mutations, and a high resolution melting (HRM) marker, BLR-C-2808 based on the SNP C2808T in the second exon were developed, which predicated the resistance status of the BC1 population with 80.24%, and of 24 commercial inbred lines with 100% detection accuracy. This is the first report of inheritance and molecular markers linked with blackleg resistance in cabbage. This study will enhance our understanding of the trait, and will be helpful in marker assisted breeding aiming at developing resistant cabbage varieties.
Blackleg disease, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, greatly affects the production of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). However, definitive R-gene(s) are yet to be identified in this crop. In contrast, a number of R-loci have been identified in A- or B-genome crops. Identification of few resistant cabbage genotypes indicates the presence of R-genes in this C-genome crop. High ancestral synteny between Brassica genomes suggests that the collinear regions of known A- or B-genome R-loci may also contain functional R-genes in the C-genome. Strong resistance was observed in the cotyledons of cabbage inbred line SCNU-98 against two L. maculans isolates, 03–02 s and 00–100 s. We investigated the collinear region of the Brassica napus blackleg resistance locus LepR2’ in B. oleracea since both isolates of L. maculans contain corresponding avirulence genes. The locus was collinear to a 5.8 Mbp genomic segment of B. oleracea chromosome C09 containing 13 genes that have putative disease resistance-related domains. High expression of genes Bo9g117290 and Bo9g111510 against isolate 00–100 s, and high expression of genes Bo9g126150 and Bo9g111490 against both isolates in the resistant-line SCNU-98 indicate their putative roles in blackleg resistance, which remained to be functionally verified. This work enhances our understanding of R-gene-mediated resistance to blackleg in cabbage.
A rapid, efficient and reproducible genetic transformation protocol was optimized for four aromatic rice varieties by using the established plant regeneration protocol. Mature embryos were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying a binary vector pIG121-Hm with GUS (reporter gene) and hpt (hygromycin resistance) gene and the transformation experiment was performed by optimizing two important parameters viz. infection times and cocultivation periods. The highest response to GUS assay was showed by Kalizira (70% GUS positive) followed by Pusa Basmati 1 (66.67%) when the explants were inoculated for 25 minutes and co-cultivated for three days. Twenty five minutes infection time (9.44%) and three day co-cultivation period (8.06%) were found effective for percentage of transgenic shoot regeneration. The highest percentage of putative transgenic shoots was regenerated by variety Kalizira (33.33%) followed by Pusa Basmati 1 (20.0%) and Radhunipagol (13.33%). Among the varieties, Kalizira produced the highest percentage (60%) of rooted shoots. Kalizira also showed the highest survival rate in growth chamber (75%) and in field condition (60%). The performance of Tulsimala was poor for almost all the cases.
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