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Cadmium (Cd) exposure leads to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are associated with Cd-induced neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have high bioavailability and antioxidant activities so it attracted wide spread attention. The present study examined the possible ameliorative effect of Se-NPs with diameters of 3-5 nm and 10-20 nm against cadmium chloride (CdCl)-induced neuro- and nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were treated with Se-NPs (0 or 0.5 mg/kg BW, s.c.) one hour prior to the CdCl (0 or 5 mg/kg BW, p.o.). Pretreatment with Se-NPs significantly decreased CdCl-induced elevation of serum kidney and brain damage biomarkers; lipid peroxidation; the percent of DNA fragmentation and nearly normalized the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and significantly increased the activity and expression of antioxidant biomarkers in the RNA and protein levels. Se-NPs also attenuated CdCl-induced upregulation of kidney and brain pro-apoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 associated X (Bax) RNA and protein levels with preventing the increased body burden of Cd and the altered Fe and Cu homeostasis. Histopathological analysis confirmed the biochemical and molecular outcomes. Our data stated that Se-NPs appear to be effective in ameliorating the adverse neurological and nephrotoxic effects induced by CdCl partially through the scavenging of free radicals, metal ion chelation, averting apoptosis and altering the cell-protective pathways. The results indicated that Se-NPs could potentially included as an additive to Cd-based industries to control Cd-induced brain and renal injury.

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Carica papaya is a perennial plant containing bioactive constituents with free radical‐scavenging and immune‐modulating activities. In contrast, the immune suppression is predominant in the periparturient period, where oxidative stress has a substantial impact on the mammary gland health. The aim of the experiment reported here was to determine the potential effect of C. papaya aqueous extract (CPE) on milk production traits, and expression of genes and proteins related to immune and antioxidant status in dairy milk somatic cells (MSCs). Forty Friesian dairy cows were divided equally between a control and CPE‐treated groups (orally drenched 250 µg/kg bwt, once weekly a month before expected parturition and continued until 5 months post‐partum). CPE did not affect milk yield or composition but upregulated the expression of β13‐defensin (DEFB13), cathelicidin 2 (CATHL2), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CATHL3), hepcidin (HAMP), lysozyme (LYZ), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in MSCs. The environmental micro‐organisms did not influence the levels of the transcripts. The DEFB13, CATHL2, CATHL3, HAMP and LYZ, but not β1‐defensin (DEFB1) transcripts and proteins were constitutively expressed in MSCs obtained from pathogen‐free udders. It could be concluded that CPE has immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; thereby, it could be utilized to minimize the occurrence of mastitis.

Background: Doxorubicin (Dox) nowadays is a widely used chemotherapy, however using it has a lot of side effects on different body organs. Unfortunately Nephrotoxcisty is one of its common side effects. Aim of Work: In this article we tried to seek for the effect of Vitamin E (Vit E) as a commonly used vitamin to reduce Dox induced nephrotoxisty. Material and Methods: 40 albino rats were involved, they were divided into 4 groups: Control group, Dox group in which Dox was given in a dose of 2.5mg/kg, 3 times/week, Vit E group in this group rats were given Vitamin E alone for 250mg/kg/day daily via intramuscular injection, Dox + Vit E rats in this group received both medications in the previously mentioned doses. At the end of the experimental period blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of serum Urea, Creatinin and 8-Hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine (OHdG). Renal tissues were collected for analysis of tissue OHdG, histological examination (H & E) and immunohistochemical analysis of renal tissue caspase 3 levels. Results: Our results showed deterioration of all parameters and increased immunohistochemical expression of caspase 3 in Dox treated group. On the other hand administration of Dox with Vit E significantly improved all measured parameters and lowers the expression caspase 3 levels. Conclusion: Combined treatment of Dox with Vitamin E decreases risk of Dox induced nephrotoxcisty. Protective effects of Vitamin E can be due its antioxidant and its antiapoptotic actions.