Karimunjawa National Park is one of Indonesia’s oldest established marine parks. Coral reefs across the park are being impacted by fishing, tourism and declining water quality (local stressors), as well as climate change (global pressures). In this study, we apply a multivariate statistical model to detailed benthic ecological datasets collected across Karimunjawa’s coral reefs, to explore drivers of community change at the park level. Eighteen sites were surveyed in 2014 and 2018, before and after the 2016 global mass coral bleaching event. Analyses revealed that average coral cover declined slightly from 29.2 ± 0.12% (Standard Deviation, SD) to 26.3 ± 0.10% SD, with bleaching driving declines in most corals. Management zone was unrelated to coral decline, but shifts from massive morphologies toward more complex foliose and branching corals were apparent across all zones, reflecting a park-wide reduction in damaging fishing practises. A doubling of sponges and associated declines in massive corals could not be related to bleaching, suggesting another driver, likely declining water quality associated with tourism and mariculture. Further investigation of this potentially emerging threat is needed. Monitoring and management of water quality across Karimunjawa may be critical to improving resilience of reef communities to future coral bleaching.

Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most common shrimp species cultivated with the semi-intensive system in Indonesia. This system required large food and probiotic input during cultivation and certainly will impact the water quality and the presence of the microbial colony. The unhealthy water circulation will increase microbe pathogen. Fungi is one of ubiquitous microbe that often appears in shrimp pond. The aim of this study is to identify and calculate the biology index from shrimp cultivation ponds. This research was implemented in March 2019 – April 2020. The method of this research is purposive sampling to get the fungi culture from inlet, outlet and rejuvenate shrimp ponds. The identification of fungi was done with macroscopic and microscopic examination. The result found 9 isolates fungi comprised of 8 species. There were 4 fungi identified from the inlet shrimp pond, Aspergillus sp 1, Aspergillus sp 4, Penicillium sp, and Trichoderma sp 2, while from outlet pond were Aspergillus sp 1, Trichoderma sp 1 and from rejuvenating shrimp ponds were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichoderma sp 1 and Penicillium sp. There were no fungi found from L. vannamei, because all of the L. vannamei  shrimp in healthful condition.

Hydroxyapatite is widely known as bioceramics with excellent biocompatibility. Also, hydroxyapatite has biodegradable properties that can support the bone therapy process and can be applied as a bone scaffolds. In recent years, the preparation of hydroxyapatite from natural sources is exciting to be developed. This is because, natural resources, especially in the form of waste, are very abundant and can produce hydroxyapatite with good osteoconductive properties. In this review article, we conducted a study related to the comparative preparation methods and characteristics of hydroxyapatite derived from natural waste such as eggshells, animal bones, and cockle shells. Some of the main characteristics reviewed include crystal characteristics, particle size, and morphology of hydroxyapatite particles.

Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung memiliki luas lautan 79,9% yang memiliki potensi perikanan dan pariwisata serta penambangan timah di laut. Pengelolaan penambangan timah di laut belum optimal sehingga diestimasi berdampak pada kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang di Perairan Pulau Bangka. Untuk melihat besaran dampak tersebut perlu dilakukan penelitian dampak penambangan timah di laut terhadap tutupan terumbu karang di lokasi yang berdekatan dengan pesisir dan cukup jauh dari pesisir. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2020 di Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Pulau Pemuja (dekat dari pesisir) dan Karang Malang Duyung (jauh dari pesisir) Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Metode yang digunakan adalah Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Pemuja masuk dalam kategori “Rusak” dengan tutupan karang hidup 16,50% yang diestimasi karena dampak penambangan timah di laut yang ditandai dengan tingginya komposisi tutupan lumpur (Silt) yaitu 48,698%. Nilai Indeks Mortalitas Karang (IMK) sebesar 0,75 yang mengindikasi banyaknya karang yang mati akibat tutupan lumpur. Kondisi terumbu karang di Malang Duyung masuk dalam kategori “Baik” dengan tutupan karang hidup sebesar 69,17%. Terumbu karang Malang Duyung masih terkena dampak penambangan yang ditandai dengan adanya tutupan lumpur sebesar 10,833% sementara nilai IMK sebesar 0,15 yang juga mengindikasi masih ditemukanya karang mati. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komposisi tutupan karang yang mati tertutup lumpur merupakan indikasi dari dampak penambangan timah di laut. Lokasi yang berdekatan dengan pesisir mendapatkan dampak yang lebih besar dibandingkan yang jauh dari daerah pesisir.

The high activity of tin (Sn) mining in the coastal areas of Bangka waters has an impact on turbidity, suspended solids, and increased levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cu). The study was conducted from February until April 2020 aims to determine the relationship between turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and concentrations of Pb and Cu in the Tanah Merah beach waters (TM) and Semujur Island waters (SM) which are characterized by the presence or absence of tin mining. (Sn) as a source of pollution. The results showed that the level of turbidity in TM (0.8-3.4 mg/l) was higher than in SM (0.4-0.8 mg/l) and Total Suspended Solid values in TM (149-185 mg/l) were lower than in SM (165-202 mg/l) and between (155-175 mg/l). The concentrations of heavy metals Pb in TM (0.05-0.09 mg/l) and Cu in TM (0.01-0.02 mg/l) were lower than in SM (Pb: 0.12-0.14 mg/l) and Cu (0.04-0.1 mg/l). Turbidity levels and high TSS values can be affected by the speed and direction of ocean currents. Heavy metals Pb and Cu are thought to be bound very effectively by TSS, their distribution is strongly influenced by the direction of the current and the velocity of the current formed.