This paper deals with the effects of structural, governmental and socio-economic conditions linked to small ruminant production, especially goat production. The number of small ruminants in Turkey fell from almost 51,530 in 1990, to 31,761 in 2007. In 1990, the number of small ruminants started to decrease due to structural, genetic and economic reasons such as a lack of state support policies, high costs of inputs, poor performance of local breeds, socio-economic conditions, and migration. In Turkey, the socio-economic and geographical structure make small ruminant production an important profession; it is also a significant source of income in rural regions. 35% of red meat and 12% of milk production is obtained from small ruminants. Although, Turkey has the highest goat population among its border and EU countries, ranks low with milk production. Reasons for the present situation are well evaluated; changes and tendencies in sheep and goat production as well as milk and meat production that are examined and associated with the population of Turkey are widely discussed. In addition, in order to improve the present situation, some technical and structural suggestions are mentioned.

Öz Abstract In this paper, urban, rural and migration concepts have been primarily analysed; related concepts in the literature and provisions of these concepts have been examined. Migration movements in Turkey, especially rural-urban migration has been examined by rural and urban population change in years. It is also analysed that the reasons of rural-to-urban migration, involvement of family members in the migration decision and the changes in urban and rural as a result of the migration. Urbanization problems which arise from rural-to

Davran, M.K., Darcan, N . and Budak, D.B. 2007. Gender role in the small ruminant sector in mountain area of Turkey. J. Appl

Nüfusun %90'ına yakınının kırsalda yaşadığı Osmanlı döneminde; kırsal nüfusun eğitimine yönelik özel uygulamalara II. Meşrutiyet'e kadar rastlanılmamıştır. Bu dönemin eğitim sistemi dine dayalı Sıbyan ve Medrese eğitimi ile biraz daha laik olan Enderun Mektebi'nde verilen eğitimden oluşmaktadır. Kırsal kesim Sıbyan ve Medrese eğitiminden yararlanmakla beraber Enderun Mekteplerinden sadece gayri Müslimler ve devşirmeler faydalanabilmektedir. Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan 1950'li çok partili döneme kadar, nüfusun %75'ine yakınının kırsalda yaşadığı dikkate alınarak, kırsal nüfusa yönelik; Köy Enstitüleri, Köy Öğretmen Okulları, Eğitim Kursları ve Halk Odaları gibi özel eğitim politikaları uygulamaya konulmuştur. Ancak, toplumsal yapının sosyokültürel özelliklerinde çok ciddi bir değişim sağlanamadığından, 1950 sonrası bu uygulamalara teker teker son verilmiştir. Bu dönemden sonra Türkiye'de kırsal nüfusa yönelik özel eğitim politikaları olmamakla beraber; merkezi köy okulları, Yatılı Đlköğretim Bölge Okulu (YĐBO) ve bazı sivil toplum kuruluşlarının kampanyalarıyla kırsal nüfusun eğitim sorunları çözülmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma üç dönemde ele alınıp; birinci dönem Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu'nu, ikinci dönem Cumhuriyet'in başlangıcından 1950'ye kadar olan dönemi, üçüncü dönem ise 1950'den günümüze kadar olan dönemi içermektedir.

This paper aims to reveal socio-economic and environmental sustainability of goat production in the Taurus Mountains' villages in Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey: with consideration of gender roles. Goat production sector is the most important livelihood activity in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. According to various new regulations of the Ministry of Forestry, goat production in the mountainous villages of Taurus Mountains has been banned for recent year for various reasons such as; the destruction of shoots and branches in trees, forest degradation and erosion. Therefore, goat production is decreasing dramatically in that region. Data were collected in 4 districts of 8 villages in which goat production has been done intensively (two villages in each district) by face to face interview with 52 women and 58 men. Data were analyzed in Statistical Program of Social Science (SPSS). According to our findings, goat production has different affects on the lives of men and women and the sustainability of the sector is dependent on social factors, primarily education.