The use of genome-wide genetic markers is an emerging approach for informing evidence-based management decisions for highly threatened species. Pangolins are the most heavily trafficked mammals across illegal wildlife trade globally, but Critically Endangered Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) have not been widely studied in insular Southeast Asia. We used > 12,000 single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs) to assign pangolin seizures from illegal trade of unknown origin to possible geographic sources via genetic clustering with pangolins of known origin. Our SNPs reveal three previously unrecognized genetic lineages of Sunda pangolins, possibly from Borneo, Java and Singapore/Sumatra. The seizure assignments suggest the majority of pangolins were traded from Borneo to Java. Using mitochondrial markers did not provide the same resolution of pangolin lineages, and to explore if admixture might explain these differences, we applied sophisticated tests of introgression using > 2,000 SNPs to investigate secondary gene flow between each of the three Sunda pangolin lineages. It is possible the admixture which we discovered is due to human-mediated movements of pangolins. Our findings impact a range of conservation actions, including tracing patterns of trade, repatriation of rescue animals, and conservation breeding. In order to conserve genetic diversity, we suggest that, pending further research, each pangolin lineage should as a precaution be protected and managed as an evolutionarily distinct conservation unit.

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Peripheral giant cell granuloma is a relatively uncommon benign reactive gingival lesion of the oral cavity. A 9-year boy presented with a painless, slow-growing, reddish-blue, soft tissue lesion on attached gingiva adjacent to maxillary right first and second premolars, which was interfering with eating. A periapical radiograph demonstrated focal alveolar bone loss and slight teeth displacement adjacent to the lesion. Diagnosis of peripheral giant cell granuloma was made through clinical and radiographic evaluation, by its typical presentation and correlation with histopathologic findings. Complete excision was carried out down to the underlying bone. A follow-up visit was scheduled after 7 days and deep scaling was performed. There was no recurrence three months post-excision. Timely detection and excision of this lesion is important to avoid future dentoalveolar problems.