<em>Conflicts have colored human history and occurred in various places. The ranges of conflict vary, from international, national to local scales. There can be economical, political, territorial and other sorts of conflict. One example of common type of the conflicts in Indonesia is local ethnic conflict between Indonesian local government and Bajo ethnic over marine territory at Tomini bay. This research aims not only to analyze this conflict at Tomini bay area but also to explore its causes, types, and resolution. The research uses critical theory and applies historical sociology and case study. The data is analyzed through qualitative method. The research shows that the ethnic conflict at Tomini bay was stimulated by the local government decision to give a license to a timber company and fishing industry at the bay. This policy has threatened Bajo’s social and economic systems at the bay and triggered authority, economy and knowledge conflicts. Intensive dialogues have been conducted to resolve the conflicts but have not yielded significant resolution. The best solution to terminate the conflict and give legal certainty over the use of the bay area is that the conflicting zones must be mapped justly and all interests are accommodated equally.</em>

Society and culture of human being always change as an ever –present phenomena in the world. A distinction is sometimes made then between processes of change within the social structure, which serve in part to maintain the structure, and, even the processes itself can be slow or fast through evolusion and revolusion.   One of the factors that quicken the social change process is the government interventions. This study aims at analyzing the social change on the Bajo Tribe community as the impact of various government programs at Tomini bay coastal. This research used strategy of historical sociology. The kinds of data collected were primer and secondary data that were analyzed by using qualitative approac. The result showed that various   government programs at Tomini bay, such as designating conservation area, granting concession license to private sectors through forest concession right (FCR)), indefeasible right of use (IRU), and fishing industry at the bay had caused the loss of access of the Bajo tribe community to coastal and marine resources area. Various interventions of government programs had implication on resettlement of the Bajo tribe community, causing the Bajo tribe divided into sea Bajo and land Bajo. The loss of access of the Bajo tribe to coastal and marine resources caused traditional institution weaken which made its philosophy of living in harmony with nature, and  conservation ethics fade away, its local wisdom, and self identity lose, and its social capital destructed.  الملخص: كان المجتمع وحضارته متغيّرين في أيّ كان المجتمع وهذه الحضارة. ويكون الفرق في كون هذا التغيّر. قد تكون عملية التغيّر متمهّلة أو سريعة وقد تكون عن طريق التطوّر والثّورة. وأحد العناصر المسرعة في عملية هذا التغيّر هو تدخّل الحكومة. حاولت هذه الدراسة تحليل التغيّر الاجتماعي في قبيلة "باجو" نتيجة لتطبيق البرامج الحكومية في سواحل خليج توميني. استخدمت هذه الدراسة الأسلوب الاجتماعي التاريخي. والبيانات المحصولة عليها في شكل البيانات الأولية والبيانات الثانوية ويكون تحليل البيانات بالمدخل الكيفي. دلّت نتائج البحث على أن البرامج المتنوّعة من الحكومة في ساحل خليج توميني في شكل اثبات مناطق الحفاظ، وتسليم الإذن لعملية الحفاظ تجاه الشركات الأهلية عن طريق HPH وHGU و تربية الأسماك (بركة الأسماك)، وأدت هذه البرامج إلى ضياع فرصة الاستفادة لقبيلة باجو تجاه الموارد السواحلية والبحرية. وتدخّل برامج الحكومة أدى إلى إعادة توطين مجتمع باجو وتفريقهم إلى مجتمع باجو البحري ومجتمع باجو البرّيّ.  وضياع فرصة الاستفادة لمجتمع باجو تجاه موارد الطاقات السواحلية والبحرية أدّى إلى ضعف المؤسسات التقاليدية وأدّى هذا إلى تلاشي فلسفة الحياة المنسجمة بالعالم. وتلاشي خُلق عملية الحفاظ، وضياع الحكمة المحلية، وتلاشى الهوية وفساد الرأسمال الإجتماعي.  Abstrak: Masyarakat dan kebudayaan manusia di manapun pada dasarnya selalu  berada dalam keadaan berubah. Perbedaannya ada yang berlangsung secara lambat, cepat, atau bahkan melalui proses evolusi dan revolusi. Salah satu faktor yang mempercepat proses perubahan sosial adalah intervensi pemerintah. Kajian ini bertujuan menguraikan perubahan sosial pada komunitas Suku Bajo sebagai akibat masuknya berbagai program pemerintah di pesisir Teluk Tomini. Penelitian ini menggunakan strategi sosiologi sejarah (historical sociology). Jenis data yang terkumpul berupa data primer dan data sekunder, yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai program pemerintah di pesisir Teluk Tomini, berupa penetapan kawasan konservasi, serta pemberian izin konsesi kepada swasta melalui Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH), Hak Guna Usaha (HGU), dan usaha tambak telah menyebabkan hilangnya akses komunitas Suku Bajo terhadap sumber daya pesisir dan laut. Intervensi berbagai program pemerintah tersebut berimplikasi resettlement bagi komunitas Suku Bajo, sehingga menyebabkan terbelahnya komunitas Suku Bajo menjadi Bajo laut dan Bajo darat. Hilangnya akses Suku Bajo terhadap sumber daya pesisir dan laut, menyebabkan kelembagaan adat semakin melemah yang mengakibatkan memudarnya falsafah hidup selaras dengan alam, memudarnya etika konservasi, hilangnya kearifan lokal, hilangnya identitas diri, dan hancurnya modal sosial.

This article aims to analyze the historical milestones of coastal and sea resources management in Tomini Bay. It used a critical theory paradigm with two strategies, namely historical sociology and case studies. The collected data were primary and secondary ones, then were analyzed by using qualitative approach. The analysis results indicated that coastal and sea management in Tomini Bay could be divided into era before 1901, when Bajo Tribe was the sea adventurer in Tomini Bay as well as owning the resources. Since 1901 to independence era of Old Order, Bajo tribe began to settle to coastal area, built houses above the sea surfaces with economic resources coming from fishing and other sea pickings. During the New Order, precisely from 1977 to Reformation Order, the existence of Bajo Tribe was terribly disturbed by the wood company, fishpond, and conservation policy. In this era, Bajo Tribe faced the resettlement pressure that caused their community was divided, Sea Bajo and Land Bajo. This reality caused the access of the Land Bajo community to the coastal and sea resources was limited, while the Sea Bajo community was progressively under the pressure of of the expansion of the wood company, fishpond, and conservation policy.

The abundant coastal and marine resources in Tomini Bay are constantly contested between various actors, namely the state, private entities, multilateral institutions, NGOs and the indigenous community, the Bajo Tribe. On the one hand, the Bajo Tribe utilises coastal and marine resources as a livelihood base, while, on the other hand, private entities with concession permits from the state seek to take maximum benefit for their economic prosperity. The research aims to analyse the concession of coastal and marine resources and its implications on the livelihood base of the Bajo Tribe. Livelihood base is defined as a resource or asset that can be utilised to fulfil a community’s need or survival. This research employed a critical theory paradigm with strategy of case study and ethnography. The data collected were qualitative data. Data analyses were conducted using a qualitative approach. The findings revealed that the concession of fishponds and the timber industry has caused Tomini Bay, initially rich in coastal and marine resources, to experience severe environmental damage. This condition has disrupted the livelihood base of the Bajo Tribe. The Bajo Tribe’s livelihood, which is fully dependent on coastal and marine resources, is threatened. The further impact lies in the fact that most Bajo people still live below the poverty line. To maintain the sustainability of coastal and marine resources and ensure the livelihood base of the Bajo Tribe, the utilisation of local wisdom becomes a very astute choice.

Purpose: This study analyzed the cultural and natural potentials that become tourism destinations in Gorontalo Regency, related to the attractiveness and problems of tourism, as well as the strategy to realize domestic and foreign tourism destinations. Methodology: This study used a qualitative approach with data collection methods through observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and focused group discussions. Meanwhile, researchers analyzed data by organizing data, grouping data, and analyzing normatively. Findings: Several tourism destinations in Gorontalo Regency are the Soekarno Landing Cultural Heritage House, Pentadio Resort, Limboto Lake, Embung Dumati, Bubohu Religious Tourism, Walima Emas Mosque, Dulanga Beach, and Taluhu Barakati. The tourism problems that exist are specific destinations in dirty conditions; infrastructure is minimal, the educational conditions of residents around tourism destinations are inadequate so that it affects the quality of service. Information on tourism destination objects to the public is still lacking and ineffective; access to roads and human resources managing tourism objects is inadequate. To make Gorontalo Regency a tourism destination, in addition to overcoming existing problems, the development of regional tourism potential is a necessity. Implications: This research is beneficial, both for policymakers, especially the Gorontalo Regency Government, businesses related to tourism, and the local community. The results are expected to increase synergy between local governments, businesses, and local communities. For Local Governments, the results of this study are expected to be an input for formulating policies that can encourage the attractiveness of domestic and foreign tourists. As for the business, the results of this study are expected to be taken into consideration to increase business investment in the tourism sector. Meanwhile, for local communities, the results of this study are expected to encourage local communities to love their local resources and culture more for their sustainability. Novelty: To realize a tourism destination both local and foreign, it is important to solve any problems that arise, as well as developing the existing regional tourism potential.