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Background: Pomegranate juice has a number of positive effects on both human and animal subjects. Material and methods: Four groups were used in this study. i: Control group, ii: H 2 O 2 group, iii: Pomegranate juice (PJ) group and iv: PJ + H 2 O 2 group. Following the sterilization method for pomegranate juice (10%) and H 2 O 2 (6% v/v), Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures were added and the cultivation incubated at 35°C for 72 hours. Fatty acids and vitamin concentrations were measured using HPLC and GC and the total protein bands profile were determined by SDS-PAGE. Results: According to our results statistically significant differences have been determined among the study groups in terms of fatty acids and vitamin (p<0,05). Fatty acid synthesis, vitamin control and cell density increased in groups to which PJ was given in comparison with the control group (p<0,05). Pomegranate juice increased vitamins, fatty acids and total protein expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in comparison with the control. Conclusion: Pomegranate juice has a positive effect on fatty acid, vitamin and protein synthesis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Accordingly, we believe that it has significantly decreased oxidative damage thereby making a positive impact on yeast development.

The objective of this study was to examine whether Nigella sativa plays a protective role against the damage in the lung by administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to rats. Male Wistar albino (n=28, 8 weeks old) rats were divided into 4 groups: a) negative control: Normal water consuming group to which no CCl4 and N. sativa was administered; b) Positive control: Normal water consuming group to which no CCl4 was administered but N. sativa was administered; c) CCl4 Group: Normal water consuming and group to which CCl4 was administered (1.5 mL/kg, ip); d) N. sativa plus CCl4 group: CCl4 and N. sativa administered group (1.5 mL/kg, ip). Caspase-3, caspase -9, erk, akt protein syntheses were examined via Western blotting. Malondialdehyde determination in lung tissue was made using spectrophotometer. As a results, malondialdehyde amount was decreased in the CCl4 plus N. sativa group in comparison to CCl4 group whereas caspase-3, caspase-9 was increased and erk, akt had decreased. These results show that N. sativa protects the lung against oxidative damage.

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Graphical abstract In this study, 42 Wistar albino male rats ( n = 42, 8 weeks old) were used. Rats were divided into 6 groups and 7 rats included each group. Groups: (i) Control group: Standard diet; (ii) RJ (royal jelly) group: Standard diet + royal jelly; (iii) F50 group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride; (iv): F100 group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride; (v) F50+RJ group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly; (vi): F100+RJ group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly. After 8 weeks, the rats were decapitated, and their muscle tissues were removed. Expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Bax, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-α) and Bcl-2 proteins in muscle tissue were determined by western blotting method. Histopathological analyses were also performed on the muscle tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) analyses were determined by a spectrophotometer. According to the obtained results, Bcl-2, TNF-α and IL1-α protein expression was increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and Bax protein expression levels decreased in damage groups. MDA level increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while CAT and GSH levels increased with royal jelly application in royal jelly-given group in comparison to the flouride-exposed group. According to histopathological analysis results, edema and inflammatory cell formations were found in the injury groups, a tendency to decrease in these injuries was observed in the treatment groups. Based on these results, we can say that royal jelly has protective effects on muscle tissue against fluoride damage.