In this study, autometallography and immunohistochemistry were used to localize and quantify cadmium and metallothionein (MT) levels, respectively, in cellular compartments of turbot liver on exposure to cadmium for 7 days and further depuration treatment for 14 days. Metals weakly bound to proteins (i.e. MTs) in hepatocyte lysosomes were visualized as black silver deposits (BSDs) using a light microscope. With the aid of a newly developed immunohistochemical procedure, MTs were localized and semi-quantified in both the cytosolic and the lysosomal compartments of hepatocytes. The BSD extent in the lysosomes of hepatocytes increased significantly as a result of cadmium exposure. This response was evidenced after 1 h. Further, a progressive increase in the volume density of BSDs occurred up to the seventh day. Total MT immunohistochemical levels increased at a lower rate, starting after 1 day of cadmium exposure. BSD extent values recovered after depuration, whilst MT levels remain unchanged. It is possible that the detoxification rate of metals via lysosomes was diminished, whilst MT levels remained unchanged, at least after 14 days of depuration. It can be concluded that autometallography and MT immunohistochemistry are good tools for clarifying metal and metal-MT trafficking routes in hepatocytes, and also that BSD extent and MT immunohistochemical levels in the lysosomes and cytosol of fish hepatocytes can be considered to be useful biomarkers of metal exposure.
El uso de cámaras trampas para la detección de vertebrados terrestres es una técnica que permite recopilar datos sobre las especies en un lugar y espacio determinado, siendo un método utilizado para el estudio de las aves. De febrero a diciembre de 2021, mediante la instalación de 15 cámaras trampas divididas en 11 estaciones de foto-trampeo, se analizó la riqueza y abundancia de especies en la Reserva del Valle Mamoní. Se registraron 13 especies de aves, pertenecientes a 10 familias y ocho órdenes, donde el orden Galliformes presentó la mayor riqueza de especies (n=4). Las especies más abundante fueron Crax rubra (n=83, IAR=50.80 %) y Tinamu major (n=55, IAR=43.16 %), además, estas misma presentaron la mayor tasa de captura con el 19.10 % y 16.19 %, respectivamente. Se detectaron nueve especies bajo alguna categoría de amenaza. Podemos establecer que el método de foto-trampeo debido al carácter no invasivo es una técnica apropiada para complementar los métodos basados en la observación directa, en particular para el seguimiento de las especies caminadoras difícil de detectar debido a su comportamiento evasivo.
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