Question 4Cryopreserved platelets are currently stored at -65 to -90°C (-80°C) in a mechanical freezer. A frozen shelf life of 2 years has been applied for platelets for the CLIP trial and for the Australian Defence Force. We have allocated a post-thaw shelf life of 6 h for platelets for the Australian Defence Force to minimize risk of bacterial growth. This is

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At the present time there are a lot of implantable pacemakers, which are able to replace the function of physiological pacemakers (sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes). These systems are currently imperfect and have a number of limitations. They require constant monitoring and maintenance due to limited battery life. There are risks of infection of pacemakers system, which may cause a pacemaker reimplantation. Implantable devices are often incompatible with other electric devices (metal detectors and magnets in MRI scanners, as well as power lines), which may affect the operation of pacemakers. Sometimes the electrodes can not be physiologically positioned, which may lead to heart failure and additional symptoms worsen the patient>s quality of life. This article is devoted to a review of methods for creating biological pacemakers, considering advantages and disadvantages of the available modern strategies for obtaining pacemaker tissue, which is based on the using of key modifier genes regulating the embryonic development of ventricular, atrial and pacemaker cardiomyocytes. Furthermore the technologies for creating induced patient specific pluripotent cells (IPSC) and the subsequent development of directional differentiation protocols in the cardial direction discover new approaches for the development of biological pacemakers. Also briefly described the prospects for using modern materials for the development of tissue engineering.