Background: The incidence of malocclusion varies among countries, ethnicities, races, and ages. The recognition of malocclusion incidence is an important role in planning public health services. Aims: To assess the occlusal features of Malaysian Malay adults aged 18-23 years. However, few epidemiological studies have been conducted in Malaysia and a little information is available on Malay malocclusion. Methods: A total sample of 191 subjects (73 males and 118 females) was examined to register the occlusal status by using Angle classification as normal occlusion, Class I, Class II/1, Class II/2 and Class III malocclusion. Other variables were recorded such as overbite, over-jet, crowding, spacing, midline diastema, crossbite, scissors bite, midline shifts, canine displacement, missing teeth, supernumerary teeth, traumatically fractured teeth, traumatic gingival contact, tongue thrust and lip coverage. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics were used for all measurements and the chi-square test was used for gender differences. Results: Class III was the most predominant with gender significant (P < 0.05). Class II/2 was the lowest incidence (1%). Overall, the anterior crowding was high (75.9%). There was a significant association between crossbite, scissors bite and genders (P < 0.05). The anterior crossbite was more commonly associated with Class III and the antero-posterior unilateral crossbite was found only in subjects with Class III. Conclusion: The incidence of Class III was higher in Malay; therefore, the orthodontic management of Class III would be more common in the clinic so that it is necessary to start a plan to promote the preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment in Malay population.

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Background: The buccally displaced canines (BDC) are more commonly encountered conditions in orthodontic clinics. It is a positional variation result of several factors such as retained deciduous canines, crowding, and lateral incisors anomalous. Aims: To determine the prevalence and gender differences of one-two-three-four buccally displaced canines in the area of Shah-Alam, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 399 subjects; was consist of two age groups; 208 subjects of school children aged 12 years and 191 subjects of adults aged 18-23 years were examined clinically to determine the prevalence of BDC. Statistical analysis: The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 16; a Chi-square test was performed to assess the gender differences. Results: No gender differences were found in the school-children group while in the adults group a significant gender difference was found regarding one and four canine displacements (P < 0.05). The prevalence of one-two-three canine displacement was higher significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, the frequency of one canine displacement was higher significantly in adult females and girls (P < 0.05). The frequency of three canines displacement was approximately equal in both genders. Conclusion: The frequency of one canine displacement was higher significantly in females. However, the frequency of four canines displacement was higher significantly in males. These features may help in providing additional clinical signs in diagnosis and interception of such clinical situation. It will be effective in treatment plan procedure if canine displacement is detected early, help clinicians on the prevention of impaction possibility.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the size and shape variations of soft-tissue patterns in different sagittal skeletal patterns using the geometric morphometrics method (GMM) obtained from lateral cephalograms. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study, where the sample comprised of 188 Malaysian Malay subjects aged between 18 and 40 years and with different sagittal skeletal patterns. Overall, 71 males and 117 females were gathered for all size and shape analyses. This study incorporated 11 soft-tissue landmarks, which underwent landmark application using tpsDig2 software version 2.31, while the shape analysis was done using MorphoJ software version 1.07a. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed significant differences in some of the parameters between the landmarks. Length D, Length E, Length F, Length H, and Length I showed significant differences (p < 0.05), while other parameters showed no difference (p > 0.05). Results The shape variation of soft-tissue landmarks in different skeletal patterns existed in 18 different dimensions which showed by 18 principal components (PCs). Procrustes ANOVA and canonical variate analysis showed the size and shape differences of soft-tissue patterns between Class II and III and gender groups (p < 0.0001). In discriminant function analysis for Class II subjects, the classification accuracy was 98.4%, whereas subsequent to cross-validation, the classification accuracy was 90.6%. For Class III subjects, the classification accuracy was 96.6%, while after cross-validation, the classification accuracy was 90%. Conclusion Different sagittal skeletal patterns demonstrated different soft-tissue shape variations. Class III showed the most protrusive upper and lower lips, while Class II demonstrated the most retrusive lower lip.