Tulostoma ahmadii, a new species found in the subtropical pine forest of Malakand, Pakistan, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by parallel to squamulose deep reddish brown scales on stipe with bulbous base, warty exoperidium, and tubular and relatively large-sized basidiospores. Macro-and microscopic features along with sequence data demonstrated that Tulostoma ahmadii is a distinct species from other members of Tulostoma. T. squamosum, which is represented here as a new record for the country, has also been characterized on a molecular basis.

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Xanthagaricus pakistanicus is described as a new species from lowland northern Pakistan, based on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by a yellowish pileus, covered with dark brown squamules, a stipe with yellowish fibrils, globose basidiospores, and pileal squamules made up of pseudoparenchymatous epithelium with encrusted walls. Molecular phylogenetic trees were inferred based on nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA. In phylogenetic analyses the genus Hymenagaricus sensu lato (s. l.) was inferred as a nonmonophyletic group and recovered in two monophyletic clades, consisting of species of the genera Xanthagaricus and Hymenagaricus sensu stricto (s. str.). On account of the pileal squamule structure (pseudoparenchymatous epithelium) and yellowish basidiospores, and the phylogenetic position in the Xanthagaricus clade the new species X. pakistanicus belongs to the genus Xanthagaricus. Morphoanatomical comparison with the known species of Xanthagaricus is provided. We also made six new combinations in Xanthagaricus: X. calicutensis, X. epipastus, X. ochraceoluteus, X. rufomarginatus, X. subaeruginosus, and X. taiwanensis. With this study the number of known species in the genus Xanthagaricus increases to 19.

Mushrooms with a thin-fleshed pileus that becomes plicate on opening, deliquescent lamellae and dark brown to blackish basidiospores are commonly called coprinoid mushrooms. The genus Coprinellus is one of the important lineages of coprinoid mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. Species-level taxonomy in Coprinellus is based mainly on the presence or absence and the structure of veil and cystidia on the pileus, of cystidia on the lamellae and on basidiospore morphology. In this study, four new species of Coprinellus (Co.campanulatus, Co.disseminatus-similis, Co.pakistanicus and Co.tenuis) are described from Pakistan. Species descriptions are based on morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA ITS region show that the new species Co.campanulatus and Co.disseminatus-similis are clustered in a clade including members of section Micacei; Co.tenuis falls in a clade with members of section Domestici; and Co.pakistanicus recovered in a separate clade adjacent to other recently described clades of genus Coprinellus. Morpho-anatomical descriptions of the new species and comparison with closely allied taxa are provided. With this study, the number of known species of Coprinellus in Pakistan has reached eight.

The large genus Leucoagaricus (Basidiomycota) is poorly studied in Pakistan, where the northern parts of the country are considered hot spots for biodiversity. Based on morphological and molecular data, five new species are described: Leucoagaricus badius, L. lahorensiformis, L. pakistaniensis, L. sultanii, and L. umbonatus. Descriptions and illustrations are given for the new taxa. A phylogeny based on morphology and four DNA regions, including the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and D1-D2 domains of the 28S gene of the nuc rDNA, the gene for RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1-α), shows that the new taxa are clustered in a clade representing Leucoagaricus section Rubrotincti subgenus Sericeomyces.