Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of motor deficits induced by non-progressive brain damage in children. CP is a geographic ailment that affects both developed and developing countries with equal frequency. The study's purpose is to help Cerebral Palsy patients better their rehabilitation. The child's problems are being unable to stand without assistance due to truncal imbalance, having poor cognitive and social conduct, and being unable to do daily living activities independently. Children with CP usually have normal anatomic hip alignment when they are born. A variety of factors influence development, including delayed motor milestones and soft tissue anomalies, such as a muscle tone imbalance with strong hip flexors and adductors vs weaker hip extensors and abductors. When the GMFCS was used to evaluate the patient, the diagnosis of Spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy was confirmed. Physiotherapy intervention has been demonstrated to be useful in minimizing problems and improving patient outcomes. Results: These studies revealed the difficulty of evaluating children with cerebral palsy. Clinical PTs must be aware of these complications and the fact that more than one assessment may be required to capture the children with CP's specific skills and behaviors. Conclusion: Because of PT therapy, the patient was able to control his posture, regulate his head and neck, and stand with limited assistance despite wearing a KAFO. Key words: Cerebral palsy, Assessment, Spastic diplegia, Early intervention, Physiotherapy rehabilitation.

One of the most prevalent consequences following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is pulmonary difficulties. However, not all patients are at the same risk of pulmonary complications after surgery (PPCs) (1). Postoperative pulmonary issues are the most common problems discovered and treated following abdominal or cardiothoracic surgery (PPCs) (1). Patients with a history of lung disease had a higher risk of problems after surgery, according to research. Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) aims to reduce or eliminate the disease's repercussions, as well as its morbidity and death (2). Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) tries to lessen or eliminate the illness's consequences, including morbidity and mortality(3). Atelectasis is a common complication of coronary artery bypass surgery. Atelectasis can be caused by general anaesthesia, diaphragmatic dysfunction, abdominal distension, chest wall changes, pleural effusions, and discomfort (4). Physiotherapists have typically employed different respiratory therapies after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) to reduce the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary issues (PPC) (5). Despite its widespread use, the effectiveness of any particular chest physical therapy is unknown. Every day, patients with coronary artery disease around the world undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (6). Despite advances in anesthetic, cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, and pre-and postoperative care, CABG continues to be associated with a high prevalence of pulmonary complications (PPC). In the postoperative phase after CABG, respiratory physiotherapy is advised to improve lung function and prevent or treat pulmonary problems (7). Key words: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Postoperative pulmonary complications, Preoperative risk factors, Physiotherapy rehabilitation.

Hip fracture is the most common injury in the elderly; the rate of occurrence rises exponentially with age, and the aging of the population will ensure that hip fracture remains a major clinical challenge and public health problem in the future. Hip fractures are still the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Hip fractures increase in frequency as people get older. Even though bipolar hemiarthroplasty of the hip is a popular technique, little is known regarding the frequency and treatment of postoperative dislocation. This study looked at 1,934 hips that had been treated with primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty. In older patients with displaced femoral neck fractures, bipolar hemiarthroplasty has also been used to treat osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, and osteonecrosis. Although dislocation after primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty is infrequent, it is linked to a high likelihood of recurrence. Intertrochanteric femur fractures are common in the elderly. Because of increased life expectancy and osteoporosis, their prevalence has risen. Patients are encouraged to move and exercise the affected limbs soon after hip arthroplasty, minimizing bed rest and the rate of problems. THA is a more complicated and expensive procedure than bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BA). Internal fixation is emphasized, as well as early mobilization. For the treatment of sub-capital femoral fractures, hip hemiarthroplasty is a common procedure. Key words: Hip dislocation, Bipolar hemiarthroplasty, Geriatric population, physical rehabilitation.

Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is a severe and widespread health issue. There are numerous classification and therapy systems for people with low back pain (LBP) that are based on the influence of lumbar postures and movements on symptoms. Chronic low back pain is a prevalent source of suffering that has significant personal and financial effects. Low back pain (LBP), one of the leading causes of disability, is on the rise throughout Africa and is a major issue. This rising prevalence will surely rise, particularly the number of older persons with chronic incapacity connected with an inability to work, which will influence healthcare costs and the nation's workforce. The most common cause of low back pain and sciatica is intervertebral disc lesions. Low back discomfort affects 5% of the population each year, yet only 1% of these people develop radiculopathy. Lumbar disc prolapse is a condition that affects people between the ages of 30 and 50, with a male majority and a link to repetitive mechanical stresses and smoking. The degree of symptoms varies as well, and for many individuals, discomfort and loss of function can lead to incapacity and extended sick leave. The protrusion from the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis is known as PIVD. This case study demonstrates that regular exercise, traction, back strengthening exercises, the use of modalities such as IFT, and correct ergonomics can all help to alleviate the symptoms of PIVD. For decades, surgical excision of the PIVD and decompression of the compressed nerve root have been the most widely acknowledged surgical treatment. Key words: Chronic low back pain, geriatric population, Posterior decompression, PIVD, Physiotherapy rehabilitation.

Early breast cancer treatment can cause shoulder dysfunction, which is a well-known and prevalent adverse effect (1). In individuals treated surgically for breast cancer, physiotherapy was found to enhance shoulder function considerably (1). Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and the leading cause of death and morbidity (2). Every year, 1.67 million new instances of breast cancer are identified worldwide, with 458,000 fatalities (2). Although 89 percent of breast cancer survivors live for at least five years after treatment, side symptoms can continue for months or even years(2). The most common upper-limb side effects are pain and joint dysfunction, with prevalence rates ranging from 12% to 51% for pain and 1.5 percent to 50% for joint dysfunction. Surgery is the most common treatment for primary breast cancer. Shoulder exercises are commonly advised to reduce mobility and strength loss as well as prevent lymphedema. Several clinical services have been developed to help with shoulder range of motion rehabilitation and secondary lymphedema prevention(3) . The goal of this study was to see how additional postoperative physiotherapy affected shoulder function after the initial postoperative healing period, especially when given for a longer period. Patients who have had a mastectomy are always at risk of getting shoulder pain and adhesive capsulitis, and they must take precautions (3). Key words: Modified radical mastectomy, shoulder pain, breast cancer, lymph nodes, physiotherapy rehabilitation.