One of the most prevalent consequences following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is pulmonary difficulties. However, not all patients are at the same risk of pulmonary complications after surgery (PPCs) (1). Postoperative pulmonary issues are the most common problems discovered and treated following abdominal or cardiothoracic surgery (PPCs) (1). Patients with a history of lung disease had a higher risk of problems after surgery, according to research. Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) aims to reduce or eliminate the disease's repercussions, as well as its morbidity and death (2). Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) tries to lessen or eliminate the illness's consequences, including morbidity and mortality(3). Atelectasis is a common complication of coronary artery bypass surgery. Atelectasis can be caused by general anaesthesia, diaphragmatic dysfunction, abdominal distension, chest wall changes, pleural effusions, and discomfort (4). Physiotherapists have typically employed different respiratory therapies after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) to reduce the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary issues (PPC) (5). Despite its widespread use, the effectiveness of any particular chest physical therapy is unknown. Every day, patients with coronary artery disease around the world undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (6). Despite advances in anesthetic, cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, and pre-and postoperative care, CABG continues to be associated with a high prevalence of pulmonary complications (PPC). In the postoperative phase after CABG, respiratory physiotherapy is advised to improve lung function and prevent or treat pulmonary problems (7). Key words: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Postoperative pulmonary complications, Preoperative risk factors, Physiotherapy rehabilitation.

Hip fracture is the most common injury in the elderly; the rate of occurrence rises exponentially with age, and the aging of the population will ensure that hip fracture remains a major clinical challenge and public health problem in the future. Hip fractures are still the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Hip fractures increase in frequency as people get older. Even though bipolar hemiarthroplasty of the hip is a popular technique, little is known regarding the frequency and treatment of postoperative dislocation. This study looked at 1,934 hips that had been treated with primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty. In older patients with displaced femoral neck fractures, bipolar hemiarthroplasty has also been used to treat osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, and osteonecrosis. Although dislocation after primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty is infrequent, it is linked to a high likelihood of recurrence. Intertrochanteric femur fractures are common in the elderly. Because of increased life expectancy and osteoporosis, their prevalence has risen. Patients are encouraged to move and exercise the affected limbs soon after hip arthroplasty, minimizing bed rest and the rate of problems. THA is a more complicated and expensive procedure than bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BA). Internal fixation is emphasized, as well as early mobilization. For the treatment of sub-capital femoral fractures, hip hemiarthroplasty is a common procedure. Key words: Hip dislocation, Bipolar hemiarthroplasty, Geriatric population, physical rehabilitation.

Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is a severe and widespread health issue. There are numerous classification and therapy systems for people with low back pain (LBP) that are based on the influence of lumbar postures and movements on symptoms. Chronic low back pain is a prevalent source of suffering that has significant personal and financial effects. Low back pain (LBP), one of the leading causes of disability, is on the rise throughout Africa and is a major issue. This rising prevalence will surely rise, particularly the number of older persons with chronic incapacity connected with an inability to work, which will influence healthcare costs and the nation's workforce. The most common cause of low back pain and sciatica is intervertebral disc lesions. Low back discomfort affects 5% of the population each year, yet only 1% of these people develop radiculopathy. Lumbar disc prolapse is a condition that affects people between the ages of 30 and 50, with a male majority and a link to repetitive mechanical stresses and smoking. The degree of symptoms varies as well, and for many individuals, discomfort and loss of function can lead to incapacity and extended sick leave. The protrusion from the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis is known as PIVD. This case study demonstrates that regular exercise, traction, back strengthening exercises, the use of modalities such as IFT, and correct ergonomics can all help to alleviate the symptoms of PIVD. For decades, surgical excision of the PIVD and decompression of the compressed nerve root have been the most widely acknowledged surgical treatment. Key words: Chronic low back pain, geriatric population, Posterior decompression, PIVD, Physiotherapy rehabilitation.

Introduction: A calcaneal spur is a bony protrusion that occurs in the bottom section of the calcaneus, the most typical area for calcaneal spurs to grow, it is also known as a heel spur. Calcaneal spurs are frequently connected with plantar fasciitis-related heel pain. The calcaneus is an afoot skeleton component that provides posterior support for the foot's bony arches. The heel prominence is produced by the calcaneum, the largest, strongest, and longest of the seven tarsal bones. An osteophytic protrusion (calcaneal or heel spur or enthesophytes) extends throughout the whole breadth of the calcaneal tuberosity, for around 2-2.5 cm. The spur's peak is trapped by the plantar fascia, which is directly anterior to the spur's origin. Calcaneal spurs are asymptomatic unless they are manually activated and inflamed when they cause localized acute discomfort. A case of a heel spur in a 35-year-old woman is identified in this case study. The calcaneal spur was painful, which was associated with plantar fasciitis and impaired her foot function and the patient was treated conservatively. Discussion: The woman was diagnosed with a unilateral calcaneal spur in this situation, was middle-aged and had no chronic condition, so she was treated conservatively. This case contradicts the correlation between the duration of the calcaneal spur and the symptoms of plantar fasciitis. The causes that lead to this disorder are being overweight, training sports, straining feet. Conclusion: Physiotherapy aided by medical aids is the most sustainable process. Not every event, however, gives the expected results. Surgical therapy should be used if non-sustainable techniques are not possible. Key words: Heel pain, Plantar fasciitis, Physiotherapy, Calcaneal Spur, Middle-aged Patient.