The objectives of the present study were to investigate strain identification of Echinococcus granulosus infecting camel and human in Qalyubia, Egypt. Therefore partial sequences were generated after gel purification of nested PCR amplified products of mitochondrial NADH 1gene of Echinococcus granulosus complex. Sequences were further examined by sequence analysis and subsequent phylogeny to compare these sequences to those from known strains of E.granulosus circulating globally and retrieved from GenBank. All isolates are homologous to the camel strain, E. canadensis (G6) genotype. Nucleotide mutations generate polymorphism at position of 275 nucleotide, where a thymine replaced a cytosine and at the levels of 385 and 386 nucleotides, where two cytosine substituted a guanine and a thymine respectively. KF815488 Egypt showed typical identity (99.5%) with JN637176 Sudan, HM853659 Iran, AF386533 France and AJ237637 Poland with 0.5% diversion.. Phylogenetic analysis showed a robust tree clustering all isolates with sequences belonging to the camel genotype (G6) variant with strong bootstrap values at relevant nodes and the evolutionary distance between groups is very short. There are two mutations in the sequences of amino acids at the position of 92, where an Alanine is changed to a Valine and at the position of 129, where a Valine is transformed to a Proline. Our record of a single genotype determined a strain which could be incriminated for camel and human infectivity and responsible for its persistence in the endemic areas. Such epidemiological data could guide the application of efficient control strategies of hydatidosis in Egypt.

A total 1006 animals (300 cattle, 300 buffaloes, and 300 sheep and106 goats) were selected from private farms and suspected to suffer from brucellosis from different localities in Gharbiya governorate, as well as 50 rats (31Rattus rattus &19 Rattus norvegicus) and 15 stray dogs were collected from the same localities associated with examined animals. In addition, 160 persons suffering from fever suspected to be brucellosis were collected (80 workers contact with examined animals and 40 from fever hospitals). Serological tests were carried out by using Rose Bengal plate (RBPT), Buffered Acidified plate test (BAPAT), Complement Fixation test (CFT), Tube Agglutination test (TAT) and 2-Mercapto-Ethanol test (2-MET). The results showed that the percentage of positive reactors were 9%, 7.3%, 9.3% 8.5%, 8% and 0% using RBPT in cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, rats and dogs respectively. Meanwhile the percentage of positive reactors using BAPAT was 9.6%, 8.3%, 10.7%, and 9.6% in cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats and by using CFT the percentage was 9.3%, 8%, 10.3% and 10.3% in previously examined animals. Also the result of TAT was 8% in rats and 0.0% in dogs. The occurrence of brucellosis in sheep and goats was higher than cows and buffaloes. Finally, the results in humans were 13.1%, 11.3% and 10% by using RBPT, TAT and 2MET respectively. The incidence of brucellosis was higher in males (14.9%) than females (3.8%) and higher in humans aged between 20-30 years.

The present study was carried out to screen and analyze the characteristics of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter strains isolated frompoultry and human in the poultry farms of different localities in Egypt. A total of 340 samples were taken from poultry and human from poultry farms and examined bacteriologically for isolation of Campylobacter organisms. Fifty-six (16.47%) samples were identified as Campylobacter-positive; 50 (14.71%) from poultry samples and 6(1.76%) from human samples using conventional method. The isolates were42 (12.35%) isolates for C. jejuni including 38 (12.67%) from poultry samples and4(10%) from human samples. Isolates for C. coli were 14 (4.12%) including 12 (4%) from poultry samples and 2 (5%) from human samples detected. All Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for their antibiotic susceptibilities. Results of Antibiogram revealed that Campylobacter isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Resistance was most frequently observed against streptomycin (96.4%) amoxicillin (94.6%), doxycycline (87.5%), Ampicillin (83.9%), nalidixic acid (85.7%), erythromycin and ciprofloxacin (82.1%). C. jejuni strains were often resistant to cephalothin (35.7%) than C. coli strains (42.8%). C. coli were sensitive to erythromycin and Streptomycin (100%). C. jejuni was an increase sensitive to amoxicillin and streptomycin (95.2%). The trend of resistance to gentamicin (28.6%) and tetracycline (50%) was observed for C. jejuni. The present study provides an assessment of the occurrence of multidrug resistance of Campylobacter isolates from chicken samples collected from the poultry farms in different localities in Egypt. The antimicrobial resistance rates among these pathogens are clearly important in risk assessment and management. Further research is also needed to better understand the relationship between antimicrobial used in poultry and humans and the bacterial resistance in humans.

A total of 127 specimens (13 aborted foeti, 46 milk samples, 37 lymph nodes, 14 livers, 14 spleen and 6 vaginal discharges) were collected and examined for isolation and typing of Brucella microorganism. The results detected 15 strains (5 aborted foeti, 4 milk, 5 lymph nodes and 1 spleen) were detected and typed as Br. melitensis biovar 3. Application of PCR test for rapid identification of Brucella strains which isolated from lymph nodes five of naturally infected animals (two cattle, one buffaloes, one sheep and one goat) revealed that all samples were reacted positively with Br. melitensis specific DNA products with a molecular size of 731 pb. On sequencing, the Nucleotide sequence alignment of obtained sequences with other Brucella strain indicated that the obtained isolate have high identity with Br. melitensis biovar 3. The bacteriocidal activity of tested disinfectants against isolated Br. melitensis strain at variables concentration revealed that halogen showed highest bactericidal activity followed by QACs and phenolic while alkaline wasthe lowest effect.