Key factors that need attention in implementing research results into practice are suggested. Clearly, identification of barriers and facilitators is useful potentially to overcome barriers and enforce facilitators and this could ultimately improve nursing practice.

BackgroundA cross sectional study was conducted in Tehran Iran to examine the extent of patient delay and associated factors in the presentation of breast cancer.MethodsA group of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were interviewed and were asked about the period from first onset of symptoms to first medical consultation to indicate patient delay. This was studied in relation to patients' age, educational level, marital status, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast disease, number of children and the nature of the first symptom seen.ResultsIn all, 190 breast cancer patients were interviewed. Of these, 75% presented to physician within 3 months. Forty-two patients (25%) delayed more than 3 months. In multivariate regression analysis it was found that there was a risk for longer delay in widowed or divorced women (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.5–9.7), women with a positive family history of breast cancer (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.7), and less educated patients (illiterate: OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.5–17.7; primary schooling: OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.4–14.7). Significant associations also were found between delay presentation and the late stage disease (P = 0.01) and bigger tumor size (P = 0.004).ConclusionThe findings suggest that one in four women with breast cancer present late and this has significant effect on their disease prognosis. To reduce patient delay health education programs regarding breast cancer should be implemented and target women who are at higher risk of delay.

Professional socialization is a complex process with four critical attributes: learning, interaction, development, and adaptation. Comprehensive educational programs, competent role models, and the provision of adequate field experiences were found to be the antecedents of these attributes. They have either positive or negative consequences for the professional development of nurses. These findings not only add to the body of knowledge, but also serve as an important impetus for further theory development and research in nursing.

IntroductionMusculoskeletal disorders and cognitive diseases are prevalent, and they are significant determinants of morbidity and mortality in older adults. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal and cognitive diseases and their risk factors and also to assess their associations during future follow-ups.Methods and analysisBushehr Elderly Health (BEH) programme is a population-based prospective cohort study being conducted in Bushehr, a southern province of Iran. A total of 3000 older people aged ≥60 years participated in the first stage from which 2772 were eligible to participate in the second stage, which started after 2.5 years. Data including demographic status, lifestyle factors, general healthandmedical history, and mentalandfunctional health are collected through a questionnaire. Anthropometric measures, performance testsandmuscle strength, blood pressure and and body composition measurements are done. A total 25 cc venous blood is taken, and sera are stored at –80°C for possible future analyses.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Science as well as the Research Ethics Committee of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. A written informed consent was signed by all the participants. The study findings will show the prevalence of musculoskeletal disease, cognitive impairment and their risk factors in an elderly population. The participants will be followed during the study to measure the occurrence outcomes.This study will also have the potential to inform the development of beneficial interventions to improve the management of musculoskeletal and cognitive impairment in Iran and other countries in the Middle East.Our findings will be disseminated via scientific publication as well as presentation to stakeholders, including the patients, clinicians, the public and policymakers, via appropriate avenues.

Although diabetic hepatopathy is potentially less common, it may be appropriate for addition to the list of target organ conditions related to diabetes. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of green tea extract (GTE) in STZ-induced diabetes in rats. Wistar rats were made diabetic through single injection of STZ (75 mg/kg i.p.). The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each: Group 1, healthy control; Group 2, nondiabetics treated with GTE administered orally (1.5%, w/v); Group 3, diabetics; Group 4, diabetics treated with GTE (1.5%, w/v) for 8 weeks. Serum biomarkers were assessed to determine hepatic injury. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were measured to assess free radical activity in the liver tissue. Hepatic antioxidant activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were also determined. The biochemical findings were matched with histopathological verifications. Liver MDA content and serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin in Group 3 significantly increased compared to Group 1 (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (P < 0.05). Serum albumin level and GSH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px contents of the liver in Group 3 were significantly decreased compared to Group 1 (P < 0.05) and were significantly increased in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (P < 0.05). Histopathologically, the changes were in the same direction with biochemical findings. This study proved the hepatoprotective activity of GTE in experimentally induced diabetic rats.