Research concerning comprehension in early simultaneous bilingualism is still very limited. Thus, this study focuses on describing a bilingual infant's comprehension of adults' verbal input addressed to the child in an Indonesian-German language environment, and the child's understanding of translation equivalents (TEs). The child, who was exposed to Indonesian and German simultaneously from birth, was observed from age 0;9 to age 1;3 using a diary supplemented with weekly video recordings. A "one parent-one language" system was applied in which the child received Indonesian language from the mother and German language from the father from birth. Since the family live in Indonesia and have regular contact to the collective family members, the child received dominant exposure in Indonesian compared to German. The data was transcribed and analysed using ELAN. The results show that the adults' verbal inputs in the form of speech addressed to the child were in the form of short utterances which very often had a high-pitched sound and were rich in repetition. The adults' speech was able to be discriminated by the child. In the pre-production stage, the child could understand approximately 6 (six) proper nouns, 18 (eighteen) Indonesian words and 14 (fourteen) German words. The result reveals that the child could comprehend more words in Indonesian than in German. It was also found that the child could understand some bilingual synonyms, which implies that at the pre-production stage, the child already went through a process of bilingual development.

The contexts and circumstances of the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children’s language development are still a matter of debate. The present study argues that in the early development of a bilingual child exposed to two typologically distinct languages (Indonesian and German), the child developed two separate linguistic systems. The child, raised in Indonesia, was exposed to Indonesian by her Indonesian mother and to German by her German father. The study focuses on the early stages of verbal morphology and word order, from ages 1;3 to 2;2. The corpus took the form of conversational text or speech based on spontaneous interactions in natural settings. The data was collected using diary records, supplemented by weekly video recordings. In analysing the data, two software systems were used: ELAN and Toolbox. The speech was segmented based on utterances. All verbal morphology and word order was coded. The results show that verbal morphology in Indonesian and German was acquired by the child at different times, with the development of German verbs occurring later than Indonesian verb acquisition. In addition, there is evidence of interaction between the two developing systems. Cross-linguistic interference was identified when the child used the Indonesian vocatives-predicate combination in German utterances while, at the same time, the child also applied the German verb-final clause structure in Indonesian utterances when she should have produced German utterances. Thus, the results from this case study suggest that both language external and internal factors account for the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence.

English plays an important role for workers in the tourism sector of all classes, including wholesalers, massage therapists, parking attendants, and shop assistants. Preliminary observations show that they, in general, use Balinese dialect of English or Balish. This article describes the Balish used in tourism area of Kuta, Bali, by tourism workers who have naturalized the English language by adopting several language features, especially Balinese and Indonesian, such as sentence structures, words, and expressions. The data were analyzed using The New Englishes theory and the results showed that the use of Balinese and Indonesian words in English resulted in the creation of new words, grammatical shifts, changes in word meanings, use of idioms, use of groups of verbs, and repetition of forms. Balish has adopted several grammatical features, both from Balinese and Indonesian, and it is hoped that one day it will have regular speakers so that it becomes a pidgin.

Automotive commercial advertising is an advertisement that is often aired on television. As one of the countries with the largest automotive vehicle consumers in Asia, many advertisements are issued by motor vehicle manufacturers so that the products they offer are purchased by the public. This paper will discuss how the existing advertisement structure displays signs that are effective and efficient so that with a short duration, an advertisement can provide a lot of information. The problems discussed in this paper are what the role of the icon, index, and symbol in the automotive advertisements that are broadcasted on television. The data source in this paper uses advertisements data from Yamaha and Honda motorcycles. The research method in this paper uses the Peirce semiotic method that discusses the icon, index, and symbol in the advertisement. The method used in presenting the results of the analysis is formal and informal methods.

This research aims at identifying the semantic changes in the translation of euphemism and dysphemism of news text of Tempo Magazine. This research used a descriptive qualitative method and took the data from bilingual Tempo Magazine edition 2019 with Indonesian in a source language and its translation into English. The result shows that 6 types of semantic change occur in the translation of euphemism and dysphemism of Tempo Magazines such as semantic broadening, semantic narrowing, semantic metaphor, semantic pejoration, semantic amelioration, and semantic metonymy. When euphemism or dysphemism are translated into the same categories, they undergo semantic broadening, narrowing, metonymy or metaphor. While semantic change pejorations occur when euphemism is translated into dysphemism and semantic change ameliorations occur when dysphemism is translated into euphemism. Even though there are changing of the meaning from the earlier one to the new one in the translation of euphemism and dysphemism, the sense relation still tied the words up so they still have a relation between them