Cloud Manufacturing (CM) is a service oriented business model to share manufacturing capabilities and resources on a cloud platform. Manufacturing is under pressure to achieve cost and environmental impact reductions, as manufacturing becomes more integrated and complex. Cloud manufacturing offers a solution, as it is capable of making intelligent decisions to provide the most sustainable and robust manufacturing route available. Although CM research has progressed, a consensus is still lacking on the concepts within CM as well as applications and scope beyond discrete manufacturing.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how CM offers a more sustainable manufacturing future to the industry as a whole, before focusing specifically on the application to process manufacturing (e.g. food, pharmaceuticals and chemicals). This paper details the definitions, characteristics, architectures and previous case studies on CM. From this, the fundamental aspects of the CM concept are identified, along with an analysis of how the concept has progressed. A new, comprehensive CM definition is formulated by combining key concepts drawn from previous definitions and emphasizes CM potential for sustainable manufacturing.Four key methods of how CM increases sustainability are identified: (1) collaborative design; (2) greater automation; (3) improved process resilience and (4) enhanced waste reduction, reuse and recovery. The first two key methods are common to both discrete and process manufacturing, however key methods (3) and ( 4) are more process manufacturing specific and application of CM for these has yet to be fully realised. Examples of how CM's characteristics may be utilised to solve various process manufacturing problems are presented to demonstrate the applications of CM to process manufacturing. Waste is an important consideration in manufacturing, with strong sustainability implications. The current focus has been on using CM for waste minimisation; however, process manufacturing offers waste as a resource (valorisation opportunities from diversifying co-products, reuse, recycle and energy recovery). Exploring CM's potential to characterise and evaluate alternative process routes for the valorisation of process manufacturing waste is considered for the first time. The specific limitations preventing CM adoption by process manufacturers are discussed. Finally, CM's place in the future of manufacturing is explored, including how it will interact with, and complement other emerging manufacturing technologies to deliver a circular economy and personalised products.

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Ultrasound has been used to intensify the extraction of phenolic compounds from many agro-food products. However, there is still a lack of understanding on how the ultrasonic energy is influenced by blends of different solvents and how this impacts the extraction process. This work studied the effect of ethanol, acetone and hexane blends on the ultrasonic energy generated during the extraction of phenolic compounds from Mango peel, using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and a conventional solvent extraction (CSE).A simplex centroid mixture design and a special cubic regression model were used to evaluate the total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and ultrasonic intensity (UI) as a function of the solvents proportions. The greatest TPC was obtained with the ethanol-acetone blend (60-40%) for CSE (205.08 mg GAE/100 g DM) and UAE (1493.01 mg GAE/100 g DM). Likewise, an increase (avg. 630%) was observed in TPC when the ultrasound was applied for all solvents and their blends. The TPC showed a good correlation (R 2 =0.81) with the UD, with higher UD resulting in larger amounts of TPC extracted.Nevertheless, for the ethanol-acetone blend there was a decrease of 14.2% of the AA for the UAE, which could be due to the sonochemical reactions taking place at the high UD achieved for that blend. The results of this work indicate that the solvent composition and use of ultrasound should be carefully selected to achieve the desired extraction objectives.

This review suggests that the concept of spirituality should be considered seriously within sport psychology research and consultancy. Four key areas are addressed: how spirituality may be reconciled into the athlete-centered model, the integration of spirituality and religious observances into mental skills training (MST), the relationship between spirituality and positive psychological states such as flow and peak experiences, and the role of spirituality in counseling. Recent work has acknowledged the importance of spirituality in consultancy work (Ravizza, 2002a) and religious beliefs and rituals for some athletes (Czech & Burke, in press). Despite extensive study in psychology, research of spirituality in sport psychology has been slow to emerge. Some of the reasons for this are discussed and suggestions made in relation to how this important concept can be integrated into research and consultancy work. Future research and theoretical work should focus on both performance enhancement and life skills development.Sport psychology consultants work with athletes who hold widely differing values and beliefs about their sporting and everyday life. Inevitably a significant number of these athletes will have spiritual or religious beliefs. Given this situation it is surprising that spirituality has received little attention in the sport psychology literature. The scientific study and acceptance of spirituality and religion has been slow to emerge in sport psychology. This is despite extensive study in our parent