This research conducted to identify the perception of lack of energy towards the new hikers at Gunung Ledang, Johor National Park. The data collected using qualitative method via semi structured interviews towards the 3 certified hiking guides that delivering their guiding services to the top hill of the Gunung Ledang. 3 certified guides as the main source of data in this data collection process. Findings shown that the instant energy foods are very important in supplying the energy after energy highly used in the hiking activity at the challenging and risky areas of the hiking trail. Therefore, it is important for the new hikers to bring the foods that provide the energy while participating in adventure recreation sport activities for better hiking experience and to prevent the lack of energy issue during enjoying the hiking activities at the challenging mountain.

The implementation of a pilot study usually related to the validity and reliability of the instrument. Thus, the main purpose of this pilot study is to validate and test the reliability of the Hiking Preparedness Questionnaire which will be used as an instrument in the Need Analysis Phase in Design and Development Research (DDR) of HiPrep-My Model. This instrument consisted an adapted questionnaire from other researcher and has been modified to meet the need of Hiking Preparedness Model in Malaysia (HiPrep-My). This pilot study was implemented based on determined procedure and follow the standard of instrumentation. It involves three basic stages: pre-pilot study, during-pilot study and post-pilot study. At the first stage, all picked items of questionnaires that have been taken from other researchers went through the back-to-back translation procedure. Additional questions were added also in this stage. At the second stage, the modified questionnaire have been pilot tested among 30 hikers, (n=30) to get the validity and reliability of the items. At the final stage, the reliability evaluation of overall items was determined by the value of Cronbach’s alpha. Hence, the instrument has obtained a validity and reliability when overall items of the questionnaire shown an alpha value of .707 (α=0.707). As a results, this pilot study accomplished and the instrument can be used in the main study as a first phase of developing the HiPrep-My Model.

National parks are significant ecotourism destinations providing various nature attractions in a form of biological, physical and/or historical resources. However, risk issues associated with recreational activities in national parks are becoming more pertinent and crucial as safety and threats to humans and wildlife can occur. This study was conducted to identify the risks for human and wildlife for visitors at tropical rainforests, marine parks, and coastal mangroves of Johor National Park. It is a qualitative study and data was collected through semi structured interviews with the National Park Managers, Former National Park Managers, and Instructors of Johor National Park. The study found that snakebite is the main concern for tropical rainforest and coastal mangroves category of national parks while hazardous marine species are the main risk for marine parks. The findings have shown that the risk of human and wildlife conflicts exist at all these three categories of national parks. Visitors’ negligence with the existence of dangerous wildlife may cause serious injury if no preventive measures are taken. The risk of human and wildlife conflict should be managed smartly to reduce the risks and ensure the sustainable development of the national parks.