In Malaysia, the implementation of physical education includes an outdoor education syllabus. Outdoor education is found to be a medium for individual development at various levels of educational institutions, including schools. Mental toughness is one of the major aspects of the psychological development of an individual. There are now numerous studies linking mental toughness with academic performance. One of the mediums for this development is the implementation of outdoor education. The nature of outdoor education is found to have a very high potential to support the development of mental toughness among students. However, a lack of specific adventure-based mental toughness models has been developed. This study attempted to develop the Adventure-based Mental Toughness Model (AbMTM) and was guided based on the modified Design and Development Research (Saedah, Muhammad, & Rozaine, 2020). A total of 507 (N=507) respondents from several educational institutions in Malaysia were involved as respondents for the validity examination through the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach. As a result, AbMTM recorded significant Goodness of Fit (GoF) (X2= 1.904; p =.000; GFI=.839; AGFI=.792; NFI=.815; TLI=.924; CFI=.931; RMSEA= .050). This study’s findings are considered a new horizon of outdoor education implementation and advancing the current practice in Malaysia. Keywords: Outdoor education, mental toughness, structural equation modeling

Recently, when competency issues takeover in Outdoor Malaysia landscape, it's been question among the outdoor practitioner and also outdoor organization in Malaysia how about the level of competency leaders in outdoor in Malaysia. In Malaysia, there is no tools in measures the competency level of outdoor leaders compare to the others develop country. In that case, it's invited the question how far the Malaysian Outdoor Leaders competency. Furthermore many accidents involved in Outdoor education and Outdoor recreation program affect the credibility of them. Meanwhile, this article is to explain the scenario and issues in develop the new assessment instrument of competency outdoor education leaders in Malaysia.

This research conducted to identify the perception of lack of energy towards the new hikers at Gunung Ledang, Johor National Park. The data collected using qualitative method via semi structured interviews towards the 3 certified hiking guides that delivering their guiding services to the top hill of the Gunung Ledang. 3 certified guides as the main source of data in this data collection process. Findings shown that the instant energy foods are very important in supplying the energy after energy highly used in the hiking activity at the challenging and risky areas of the hiking trail. Therefore, it is important for the new hikers to bring the foods that provide the energy while participating in adventure recreation sport activities for better hiking experience and to prevent the lack of energy issue during enjoying the hiking activities at the challenging mountain.

There are numerous studies that have found adventure-based program intervention has potentially linked towards the development of psychological aspects, including mental toughness. This study aims to validate Adventure-based Mental Toughness Inventory (AbMTI) through SEM analysis. A total of 371 degree’s level students from several higher institutions were involved as respondents. The final valid data is 357 hence 14 respondents have been removed due to outliers in normality analysis. A total of 67-items representing 7 dimensions of AbMTI was analysed and purified. The data were analysed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s Alpha reliability. Through CFA measurement, the modification indices (MI) examination was conducted. Overall, the final analysis results from CFA-SEM indicates AbMTI has achieved a significant validation value. Four (4) validation analysis was applied such as standard loading (>.50), construct reliability (CR>.60), Cronbach Alpha (α>.70), and average variance extracted (AVE>.50). The final AbMTI consisted of seven (7) constructs and 38-items were validated to tap adventure-based mental toughness. Findings from this study have confirmed AbMTI as valid instruments for assessing mental toughness. It is also considered as the new horizons in mental toughness measure.

The competency of Outdoor Recreation Coaches continues to be a debate among the community. This is because, issues pertaining to competency continue to be said as a result of various incidents and accidents in Outdoor Recreation and Outdoor Education activities. Today, various organizations, operators and operators of Outdoor and Education Recreation activities express their commitment to organize various promotions of challenging and enjoyable activities. But as far as the competency level capabilities of outdoor recreation coaches are really competent? Is there any evaluation or measurement instrument that is truly explicit in determining the competency of Outdoor Recreation coaches in Malaysia. Therefore, this article will peel off the issues and challenges faced in relation to the competency of Outdoor Recreation and Outdoor Education coaches.