Nowadays, increasing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria have become a global concern because of inducing resistance toward most of the antimicrobial classes and making the treatment difficult. In order to achieve an appropriate treatment option, identification of the prevalent species which generate ESBL as well as their antibiotic susceptibility pattern is essential worldwide. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria and assess their drug susceptibility in Fardis Town, Iran. A total of 21,604 urine samples collected from patients suspected to have urinary tract infection (UTI) were processed in the current study. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested by the disk diffusion method. The ESBL producing bacteria were determined by Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) procedure. Bacterial growth was detected in 1408 (6.52%) cases. The most common bacterial strains causing UTI were found E. coli (72.16%), followed by K. pneumoniae (10.3%) and S. agalactiae (5.7%). Overall, 398 (28.26%) were ESBL producer. The highest ESBL production was observed in E. coli, followed by Klebsiella species. ESBL producers revealed a higher level of antibiotic resistance compared with non-ESBLs. In conclusion, ESBL production in uropathogens was relatively high. Carbapenems and Aminoglycosides were confirmed as the most effective treatment options for these bacteria.

Helicobacter pylori has grown to colonize inside the stomach of nearly half of the world's population, turning into the most prevalent infections in the universe. Medical care failures noticeably confirm the need for a vaccine to hinder or deal with H. pylori. This review is planned to discuss the most known factors as a vaccine candidate, including single (AhpC, BG, CagA, KatA, Fla, Hsp, HWC, Lpp, LPS, NAP, OMP, OMV, SOD, Tpx, Urease, VacA) and multi-component vaccines. Many promising results in the field of single and multivalent vaccine can be seen, but there is no satisfactory outcome and neither a prophylactic nor a therapeutic vaccine to treat or eradicate the infection in human has been acquired. Hence, selecting suitable antigen is an important factor as an appropriate adjuvant. Taken all together, the development of efficient anti-H. pylori vaccines relies on the fully understanding of the interactions between H. pylori and its host immune system. Therefore, more work should be done on epitope mapping, analysis of molecular structure, and determination of the antigen determinant region as well due to design a vaccine, preferably a multi-component vaccine to elicit specific CD4 T-cell responses that are required for H. pylori vaccine efficacy.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of hospital-acquired infection due to its high antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation ability. P. aeruginosa produces elastase lasB during biofilm formation, which can influence properties of biofilm. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and distribution of the lasB gene among biofilm-producing P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients. Methods: A total of 128 clinical samples were collected from burn patients. The P. aeruginosa isolates were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was measured by microtiter plate assay. The presence of lasB gene was detected by PCR. Results: A total of 75 samples were positive for P. aeruginosa. A high rate of resistance was seen against ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Biofilm formation was seen in 57.3% of the isolates and the prevalence of the lasB gene was 85.3%. Biofilm formation in isolates without lasB was lower and these isolates were more sensitive to imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam. Conclusions: In the present study, we did not find a statistically significant relationship among elastase gene (lasB) presence, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients.

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Background: Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa raise an important issue in burn patients. Molecular epidemiologic studies have been used for investigating the genetic features of P. aeruginosa and rep-PCR technique has been introduced as a rapid low cost method. Objectives: This study focused on investigating the genetic similarity and antibiotic resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa isolated from the clinical samples of burn patients in a major burn center in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Methods: In a cross sectional study, a total of 75 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated from burn patients at Taleghani hospital, which is the main burn center in Ahvaz, Iran, during May-September, 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was detected using the disk diffusion method. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was analyzed by the rep-PCR technique. Results: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed more than 80% of P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Based on the rep-PCR analysis, 20 different common types and 20 unique patterns were illustrated among P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusions: According to the findings of our study, there were diverse and high-level resistant P. aeruginosa strains in the major burn center in Khuzestan. Therefore, we faced troubles controlling the diverse P. aeruginosa clones in the burn patients.