Coix lacryma-jobi (Hanjeli) is known to posses anti-microbial properties. Therefore, phytochemical compounds of C. lacryma-jobi have been studied to produce novel antimicrobial agents as treatments against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of the C. lacryma-jobi oil against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The phytochemical composition of the oil was determined via gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Moreover, agar disk and agar well diffusion were employed to screen the antibacterial activity of the oil. An agar well diffusion test was implemented to determinate MIC's (minimum inhibitory concentrations). Dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropylester, 1,3-dioctanoin, N-methoxy-N-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-6-carboxamide, propanamide, 5-Amino-1-(quinolin-8-yl)-1,2,3triazole-4-carboxamide, and pyridine were identified in the C. lacryma-jobi oil. The MIC value of the oil was 0.031 g/L and the MBC of the oil was 0.125 g/L effective in all test bacteria. Dodecanoic acid displayed inhibitory activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, our research demonstrated C. lacryma-jobi (Hanjeli) oil exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. These research suggest that C. lacryma-jobi root oil could be used for medicinal purposes; however clinical and in vivo tests must be performed to evaluate its potential as an antibacterial agent.

Aktifitas fisik secara umum dapat mempengaruhi fungsi sistem di dalam tubuh salah satunya adalah sistem hematologi seperti leukosit, eritrosit dan trombosit. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktifitas fisik aerobik dan anaerobik terhadap jumlah leukosit pada mahasiswa Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Medan. Penelitian ini merupakan kuasi-eksperimental dengan rancangan pre-post-test group design. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 20 orang mahasiswa Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Medan, dengan menggunakan tehnik purposive sampling, dibagi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok aktifitas fisik dan kelompok aktifitas anaerobik. Jumlah leukosit diukur sebelum dan setelah aktifitas fisik aerobik dan aktifitas anaerobik. Analisis data menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang bermakna sebelum dan setelah aktifitas fisik aerobik terhadap peningkatan jumlah leukosit (6,84±1,68 vs 11,01±2,84; p=0,000). Terdapat pengaruh yang bermakna sebelum dan setelah aktifitas fisik anaerobik terhadap peningkatan jumlah leukosit (7,54±1,67 vs 11,00±1,69; p=0,000). Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara aktifitas aerobik dan aktifitas fisik anaerobik terhadap peningkatan jumlah leukosit (11,01±2,84 vs 11,00±1,69; p=0,999).  Kesimpulan bahwa aktifitas fisik aerobik dan aktifitas anaerobik ber pengaruh terhadap peningkatan jumlah leukosit, akan tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan antara aktifitas aerobik dan aktifitas anaerobik terhadap peningkatan jumlah leukosit. Kata kunci : Leukosit, Aerobik, Anaerobik

BACKGROUND: Heavy physical exercise causes relative hypoxia. In hypoxic condition, the cell’s energy comes from anaerobic metabolism that produces lactic acid. An increment of oxygen need leads to ischemia-reperfusion, triggers free radical formation and damages muscles. Creatine kinase (CK) is a marker of muscle tissue damage. Red dragon fruit (RDF) has potential as antioxidant to reduce free radical formation. AIM: This study aims to determine RDF extract potential to reduce the lactic acid level and CK activity after heavy physical exercise. METHODS: A total of 32 male rats (Rattus Norvegicus) were randomly divided into 4 groups: group NORDF, treated heavy physical exercise and distilled water; group RDF100, treated heavy physical exercise and at 100 mg/kg BW RDF extract; group RDF200, treated heavy physical exercise and at 200 mg/kg BW RDF extract and group RDF300, treated heavy physical exercise and at 300 mg/kg BW RDF extract. The rats swam for 20 minutes, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. RESULTS: RDF300 group showed lower lactic acid level and CK activity as compared to that of NORDF (p = 0.00) and RDF100 (p = 0.00) groups, but RDF300 are not significantly different for lactic acid (p = 0.45) and for CK (p = 0.68). CONCLUSION: Red dragon fruit extract has potential in lowering lactic acid level and CK activity in male rats receiving heavy physical exercise.

Background. The main cause of mortality and morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is cardiovascular disease. According to the American Heart Association, at least 65% of the deaths of T2DM patients are due to heart disease and stroke. Objectives. This study aims to analyse cardiovascular complication risk based on Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and the influencing factors in T2DM patients. Material and methods. This is an analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was T2DM patients from primary health care in Medan, Indonesia, with a total of 85 people. Subjects were recruited using consecutive sampling with inclusive and exclusive criteria. AIP values were determined using the AIP calculator with the logarithm calculation (TG/HDL-C). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis, with a 95% confidence interval and a significant value of p < 0.05. Results. The majority of patients are known to be at high risk with AIP ≥ 0.21. There is a relationship between FBGL and HbA 1c with AIP (p < 0.05). There is a significant relationship between TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and AIP index (p < 0.05), while there is no relationship between LDL-C and AIP (p > 0.05). Conclusions.A continuous educational effort is critical for improving patients' understanding in preventing the occurrence of complications that increase morbidity and mortality.

Background: Oxidative stress from exercise can contribute to damaging cells, increasing heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and suppressing the immune system in the body. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of red-fleshed pitaya extract on HSP70 and cortisol expression in rats which were subjected to strenuous exercise. Methods: The subjects of this research were 32 Sprague Dawley male rats, aged 3 months, with an average weight of 200 g. Red-fleshed pitaya extract was obtained from methanol extraction process; a maceration technique was performed and the extract was concentrated using an air-drying method. Rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with distilled water only; while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with 100 mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight of red-fleshed pitaya extract, respectively. Strenuous exercises in rats was performed by intense swimming of 20 min/day, 3 days a week for 3 weeks. HSP70 expression and cortisol were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results: There was a significant reduction of HSP70 (p=0.000) and cortisol expression (p=0.000) between the groups. Also, there was a significant difference in the average decreasing of HSP70 expression between group 4 and either groups 1 or 2 (p=0.000). However, a significant difference between groups 4 and 3 was not observed (p=0.813). Lastly, a significant difference was found in the average decrease of cortisol expression between groups 4 and 1 (p=0.000), 2 (p=0.000), and 3 (p=0.000) respectively. Conclusion: Red-fleshed pitaya is potential to be utilized as antioxidant to decrease the HSP70 and cortisol expression.