Current issues of energy sector in Indonesia can be summarized as depletion of fossil energy reserves which is dominated by fuel oil and coal. Oil production continues to decline and the increase in oil fuels demand lead to increase imports of crude oil and oil fuels. To use lignocellulosic biomass waste has become a major alternative to replace fossil fuels and chemical feedstocks production. In 2015, total rice production in South Kalimantan reached 2,140,276 ton and rice straws were abundant waste which could be utilized as raw material for bioethanol production. Pretreatment process of lignocellulose is a crucial step to remove lignin because of the complex chemical cross-linking between chemical components. Delignification of lignin can increase the accessibility and digestibility of enzymatic, and help to promote enzymatic hydrolysis. Nowadays, pretreatment process with green chemistry method is continuesly developed by researcher to reduce the production costs and thus avoid adverse effects on human and the environment. This article disscussed about green methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic material using deep eutectic solvent (DES) to increase second-generation bioethanol production in South Kalimantan.

Indonesia became a plastic waste emergency country, conveyed by Deputy IV of the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and the Director General of Waste, Waste and Toxic Materials Management of Self-Defense (PSLB3) of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Kominfo.go.id. More than 100,000 animals per year die from plastic waste. The problem of plastic waste in the open environment should be everyone's concern because it has a significant impact on environmental change. School education patterns move and develop in accordance with the development of science and technology which not only teaches cognitive aspects (knowledge) but also affective aspects (attitudes) and psychomotor aspects (behavior / habits). With regard to affective attitudes, the government has established character education. One of the characters developed is to care for the environment. The character of caring for the environment is oriented to preserve the environment in everyday life by showing concern by preventing damage and acting continuously in an effort to repair the damage that has been done to nature and the environment. This research was written with a qualitative descriptive type of writing. Data collection techniques used literature review techniques. Data analysis was carried out by comparing the quintessence of the reading source. The implementation of environmental character education is to provide habituation to be able to reduce the use of plastic waste in schools with the Bring Your Tumbler Goes to School movement.

The second generation of bioethanol derived from various cellulosic biomass materials is one of the latest renewable energy as the alternative of fossil fuel. The cellulosic waste based wood and non-wood materials are the most abundant natural resource on the earth, renewable, and inexpensive. Currently, second generation bioethanol development is still not optimally done due to various obstacles, especially the pretreatment process to eliminate lignin, influencing the conversion process of cellulose into reducing sugar. Hydrothermal method is one of lignocellulose pretreatments, which is widely developed because this method is relatively cheap and environmentally friendly with the utilization of water-based solvent. Hydrothermal methods performed at high temperature and pressure in a relatively short time are able to deconstruct the lignocellulose structure that enables cellulase enzymes to access cellulose for hydrolysis. This study discussed about the development of hydrothermal method for lignocellulose pretreatment process to increase production of second-generation bioethanol. Some aspects studied in this research were structural change, chemical composition, lignocellulosic crystallinity before and after hydrothermal processes, and hydrothermal effect on the production of reducing sugars. Hydrothermal method could be used and developed as an efficient and cheap method as the first treatment of lignocellulose waste in attempt to increase the production of bioethanol.