In order to identify the economic and energetic efficiency of the applied agricultural technologies of spring soft wheat by productivity in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, the influence of the main tillage methods was studied: plowing at 20-22 cm, loosening at 10-12 cm and without autumn mechanical processing, on yield, protein content and gluten fractions in wheat grain obtained without fertilizer and on the background of fertilizer application when sowing in N60P60K6 dose. On average, over the years of research, the yield of spring wheat for plowing and loosening the soil with the use of fertilizers was higher compared with the variant without autumn mechanical tillage. The content of protein in the grain with the application of fertilizers increased by 5.2-5.8% in comparison with the uncomfortable background. The protein content was maximum for plowing - 13.26%, medium - when loosening - 12.66%, and what was higher by 6 and 2%, respectively, with the option without autumn mechanical tillage. At the same time, the amount of gluten fractions was also the highest in plowing - 8.70% and loosening - 8.01%. Calculations of economic and energy efficiency showed that with loosening of the soil and without its autumn mechanical processing, profitability was the highest, 79 and 75% respectively against the background without fertilizer and 70% with fertilizer. The most energy-efficient option has been without autumn mechanical tillage with the use of fertilizers. The highest energy effect of spring wheat cultivation is confirmed by the lowest coefficient of protein intensity, equal to 5.96.

The article describes agricultural technologies increasing nitrate nitrogen content in the soil, crop yield, protein content and its fractional composition in winter wheat grain in the Middle Volga region. An economic and energy assessment of the effectiveness of winter wheat cultivation is provided for various predecessors, methods of primary tillage and fertilizing. Long-term studies were carried out on the fields of the Department of Agriculture, the laboratory “Agroecology” of Samara State Agricultural Academy. When cultivating winter wheat using the black fallow method, without autumn mechanical tillage with double application of nitrogen fertilizing, the highest yield indicators (2.79 t/ha), protein content of 13.12 %, the maximum net income, profitability of 92 % and energy efficiency were achieved. The energy efficiency coefficient in crops was the largest with the lowest energy coefficient in proteins.

Изучались влажность и плотность сложения почвы; содержание нитратного азота почвы, до посева и в различные фазы развития растений; урожайность и содержание белка в зерне в зависимости от паровых предшественников, способов обработки почвы, одно-и двукратного применения азотных подкормок, на запасы гумуса в почве при возделывании озимой пшеницы сорта Малахит. На влажность и плотность сложения почвы предшественники, способы обработки почвы и азотные подкормки не оказали существенного влияния. Применение азотных подкормок позволило к концу вегетации растений озимой пшеницы повысить содержание азота в почве, в среднем в 1,5 раза. Чистый пар и вспашка в большей степени способствовали накоплению содержания нитратного азота, до 23мг/кг, в меньшей степени-сидеральный и занятый пары, рыхление и «нулевая» обработка, до 20 мг/кг. При сравнении изученных вариантов, наибольший урожай был получен по чистому пару, при «нулевой» обработке почвы и однократной прикорневой подкормке азотным удобрением2,8 т/га; наибольшее содержание белка-по чистому пару, вспашке и двукратном применении удобрений-14%. При выращивании озимой пшеницы с компенсацией потери гумуса при применении в качестве предшественников чистый, занятый и сидеральный пары, использовании способов обработки почвы вспашка, рыхление и «нулевая» положительный баланс гумуса сложился в варианте сидеральный пар при всех применяющихся обработках почвы и кратности подкормки азотными удобрениями. Для других изученных вариантов получен отрицательный баланс гумуса и рассчитаны дозы органических удобрений, компенсирующих потери гумуса в почве.

The paper considers different levels of biologization in agriculture as provided by crop rotation with different fallow types with placement of fertilizers at a level of 40 t/ha, basic soil treatment, leaving straw in the field for all crops of five-field crop rotation and application of mineral fertilizers. High barley yields were obtained through the years of the study. Correlation analysis revealed a direct dependence between total biogenesity of soil and grain yield, which is fully actualized depending on meteorological conditions, varietydependent peculiarities of Povolzhsky 85 barley and agricultural processes applied aimed at increasing biologization of agriculture and protecting soil fertility.

The highest intensity of decomposition of plant residues under spring barley crops was in the crop rotation with sideral steam of 88%, which was higher by 2.3% compared to pure, and for tillage by 88.3%. Soil enrichment with the enzyme urease on the Zvyagintsev scale is considered average and sufficient for the conversion of ammonium nitrogen in nitrogen exchange. High intensity of decomposition of plant residues, sufficient activity of soil urease are the indicators that characterize high soil fertility, were insufficient to obtain high yields of barley. The productivity of spring barley of the Povolzhsky 65 variety in some years reached 3.2 t / ha when tillage on a fertilized background in crop rotations with pure and sideral steam. Averaged four-year results on the yield of barley showed the highest results on tillage on a fertilized background and revealed the advantage of sideral steam. The correlation coefficients of decomposition of plant residues of soil and urease activity, as well as the yield of spring barley, showed a positive correlation for all variants of the experiment, in which an increase in one indicator is associated with an increase in the other.