Содержание белка в проламине под воздействием удобрений по всем вариантам опыта дало увеличение до 1%, а в глютелине-только на 0,2%. Очевидно, что глютелиновая фракция как меньшая по абсолютному содержанию по сравнению с проламином в меньшей степени зависит от удобрений. Большее содержание белка в зерне соответствует несколько пониженной активности протеолитических ферментов. По оценке хлебопекарных качеств пшеницы полученные результаты исследований позволяют характеризовать хлебопекарные достоинства муки как очень высокие и высокие по всем вариантам агротехнологии.
In order to identify the economic and energetic efficiency of the applied agricultural technologies of spring soft wheat by productivity in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, the influence of the main tillage methods was studied: plowing at 20-22 cm, loosening at 10-12 cm and without autumn mechanical processing, on yield, protein content and gluten fractions in wheat grain obtained without fertilizer and on the background of fertilizer application when sowing in N60P60K6 dose. On average, over the years of research, the yield of spring wheat for plowing and loosening the soil with the use of fertilizers was higher compared with the variant without autumn mechanical tillage. The content of protein in the grain with the application of fertilizers increased by 5.2-5.8% in comparison with the uncomfortable background. The protein content was maximum for plowing - 13.26%, medium - when loosening - 12.66%, and what was higher by 6 and 2%, respectively, with the option without autumn mechanical tillage. At the same time, the amount of gluten fractions was also the highest in plowing - 8.70% and loosening - 8.01%. Calculations of economic and energy efficiency showed that with loosening of the soil and without its autumn mechanical processing, profitability was the highest, 79 and 75% respectively against the background without fertilizer and 70% with fertilizer. The most energy-efficient option has been without autumn mechanical tillage with the use of fertilizers. The highest energy effect of spring wheat cultivation is confirmed by the lowest coefficient of protein intensity, equal to 5.96.
The article describes agricultural technologies increasing nitrate nitrogen content in the soil, crop yield, protein content and its fractional composition in winter wheat grain in the Middle Volga region. An economic and energy assessment of the effectiveness of winter wheat cultivation is provided for various predecessors, methods of primary tillage and fertilizing. Long-term studies were carried out on the fields of the Department of Agriculture, the laboratory “Agroecology” of Samara State Agricultural Academy. When cultivating winter wheat using the black fallow method, without autumn mechanical tillage with double application of nitrogen fertilizing, the highest yield indicators (2.79 t/ha), protein content of 13.12 %, the maximum net income, profitability of 92 % and energy efficiency were achieved. The energy efficiency coefficient in crops was the largest with the lowest energy coefficient in proteins.
Изучались влажность и плотность сложения почвы; содержание нитратного азота почвы, до посева и в различные фазы развития растений; урожайность и содержание белка в зерне в зависимости от паровых предшественников, способов обработки почвы, одно-и двукратного применения азотных подкормок, на запасы гумуса в почве при возделывании озимой пшеницы сорта Малахит. На влажность и плотность сложения почвы предшественники, способы обработки почвы и азотные подкормки не оказали существенного влияния. Применение азотных подкормок позволило к концу вегетации растений озимой пшеницы повысить содержание азота в почве, в среднем в 1,5 раза. Чистый пар и вспашка в большей степени способствовали накоплению содержания нитратного азота, до 23мг/кг, в меньшей степени-сидеральный и занятый пары, рыхление и «нулевая» обработка, до 20 мг/кг. При сравнении изученных вариантов, наибольший урожай был получен по чистому пару, при «нулевой» обработке почвы и однократной прикорневой подкормке азотным удобрением2,8 т/га; наибольшее содержание белка-по чистому пару, вспашке и двукратном применении удобрений-14%. При выращивании озимой пшеницы с компенсацией потери гумуса при применении в качестве предшественников чистый, занятый и сидеральный пары, использовании способов обработки почвы вспашка, рыхление и «нулевая» положительный баланс гумуса сложился в варианте сидеральный пар при всех применяющихся обработках почвы и кратности подкормки азотными удобрениями. Для других изученных вариантов получен отрицательный баланс гумуса и рассчитаны дозы органических удобрений, компенсирующих потери гумуса в почве.
To study the effect of urea mineral fertilizer and new organo-mineral fertilizers Stimulife and potassium gutamate containing humid acids (humates) and selenium bioelement, which can affect the plant’s protective system, enhancing adaptive potential, winter wheat crops were treated with prima herbicide at a dose of 500 ml/ha. Visually, the suppression of crops and stress changes in plants were determined. After that, foliar fertilization with urea and organomineral fertilizers was carried out. The activity of the catalase enzyme (NF 1.11.1.6) of leaves when treated with organo-mineral fertilizers increased by 20.4% on the first day, then the increase decreased and on the fifth day it decreased to 11.2%. This type of change in catalase activity is caused by the protective and stimulating effect of the drugs Stimulife and potassium humate, and the protection of cells from the destructive effect of oxygen under stress. The aboveground mass of plants and area of leaves per plant increased, both with the use of urea up to 5.5% - as a result of additional nutrition, and with organo-mineral fertilizers up to 2.9% – as a protective effect against stressors, as a result of increased physiological and biochemical reactions. The content of sugars and fiber increased from the tillering phase to the tube exit phase, and by earing it decreased to the initial state. Urea treatment reduced the sugar content by up to 40%, as a result of the outflow of low-molecular metabolites from sugar formation processes to protein biosynthesis. The nitrogen content when using urea increased by 11.6%, which was provided by additional nitrogen nutrition.
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