; Alexandre do Rio 3 ResumoNas pulverizações agrícolas geralmente é dada muita importância aos produtos fitossanitários e pouca à técnica de aplicação, sendo que as perdas podem ultrapassar 70% do total aplicado. A alta temperatura e a baixa umidade relativa do ar têm importante efeito sobre a pulverização de produtos fitossanitários, causando evaporação mais rápida das gotas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação da deposição da calda de pulverização com três tipos de pontas (jato cônico vazio, jato plano e antideriva) nas diferentes horas do dia. Uma solução salina foi aplicada em copos de PVC, aos quais, foram adicionados água destilada e deionizada, para leitura da condutividade elétrica. De maneira geral as pontas de pulverização de jato plano e antideriva não tiveram a deposição afetada pela variação da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar e não diferiram entre si, mas o mesmo não ocorreu com a ponta de jato cônico vazio onde a variação foi de mais de 100%. Os resultados mostraram que a deposição das gotas produzidas pela ponta de jato cônico vazio foi significativamente afetada pela variação das condições meteorológicas. Palavras-chave: Produto fitossanitário, temperatura, umidade relativa, tecnologia de aplicação AbstractIn the agricultural sprays more importance is generally given to the pesticide and less to the application technique, though the losses can overpass 70%. The high temperature and the low relative humidity of the air have important effects on the spraying of pesticides, causing faster evaporation of the drops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the variation of the deposition spray with three types of nozzles in different hours of the day (hollow cone, reduced drift and air inclusion). A saline solution was applied in PVC glasses to which distilled water was added for electric conductivity reading. In a general way the deposition of the flat fan nozzles and the anti-drift ones had no difference and was not affected by the variation of the temperature and relative humidity, but the hollow cone nozzle presented variations of more than 100%. The results showed that the hollow cone deposition was significantly affected by meteorological conditions variations.
Customer Relationship Management can be regarded as a business approach. The objective was to know the customers, meet
R E S U M OObjetivou-se, neste trabalho, comparar o risco potencial de deriva provocada por três equipamentos que utilizam diferentes taxas de aplicação do herbicida glyphosate. Os equipamentos avaliados foram: pulverizador costal de acionamento manual, pulverizador costal pressurizado e um pulverizador de micronização centrífuga acionado eletricamente. Os equipamentos foram testados com as pontas de pulverização AXI 110015 e AXI 11003. O risco potencial de deriva foi avaliado em túnel de vento com coletas nas distâncias de 5, 10 e 15 m em relação ao local de pulverização e nas alturas de 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,0 m em referência ao túnel de vento. O pulverizador de micronização centrífuga acionado eletricamente apresentou risco de deriva inferior aos demais equipamentos; a mesma ponta de pulverização, AXI 110015, avaliada em túnel de vento, pode oferecer risco de deriva diferente quando utilizada em pulverizadores costais de acionamento manual e pressurizado. Drift of glyphosate application using backpack sprayers A B S T R A C TThe aim of this research was to compare the potential risk of drift caused by three backpack sprayer in the application of glyphosate herbicide. The sprayers evaluated were: hand-held backpack sprayer, pressurized sprayer and electrically driven centrifugal sprayer. The hand-held backpack sprayer and pressurized sprayer were tested with AXI 110015 and AXI 11003 nozzles. The drift potential was evaluated in the samples collected at 5, 10 and 15 m distances and at 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0 m height in the tunnel. The electrically driven centrifugal sprayer showed lower drift in relation to other equipment. The same nozzles, AXI 110015, evaluated in the wind tunnel, can offer different drift potential when used in pressurized sprayers and hand-held backpack sprayer.Palavras-chave: herbicida pontas de pulverização tecnologia de aplicação pulverizadores costais
ResumoO processo de lavagem de solo com substâncias tensoativas, Lauril éter sulfato de sódio (LESS) e Lauril sulfato de sódio (SDS), foi combinado à oxidação química utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio, com vistas à remediação in situ de solo argiloso contaminado com hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. A avaliação da eficiência do processo baseou-se na remoção dos hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos e na comparação das características físicas e químicas do solo contaminado e não-contaminado oriundos da mesma região. A combinação dessas duas técnicas, lavagem do solo e aplicação de agente oxidante, apresentouse como processo de remediação eficaz para solos argilosos contaminados com derivados de petróleo em regiões subtropicais. Palavras-chave: Lavagem de Solo. Fluorescência. Agente Oxidante. Óleo Bruto. Hidrocarbonetos Poliaromáticos. AbstractThe process of washing soil with surfactants, sodium lauryl ether sulphate (LESS) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS) was combined with chemical oxidation using hydrogen peroxide, with a view to in situ remediation of clay soil contaminated with hydrocarbons oil. The evaluation of the efficiency of the procedure was the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of contaminated soil and uncontaminated from the same region. The combination of these two techniques, soil washing and application of an oxidizing agent, presented as a process of effective remediation for soils contaminated with petroleum products in subtropical regions.
Despite the several studies comparing methods for evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation, scientific reports demonstrating their use and evaluation when coupled to agrometeorological models have not been analyzed, particularly in regard to the comparison of the estimated results obtained in the modeling with the real production data experimentally obtained in the field. The present study evaluated nine alternative methods to calculate ETo for estimating soybean yield, associated with actual yields obtained in irrigated and non-irrigated fields, at three sowing periods during the 2013/14 crop season in Southern Brazil. All methods were evaluated in relation to the standard Penman-Monteith method. Their performance was measured through regression analysis and statistical coefficients submitted to the Tukey test. ETo values obtained through the alternative methods were used to calculate water balances for soybean, considering irrigated and non-irrigated environments. Theoretical and real potential yields were higher in later sowings. The Priestley-Taylor method was the best to estimate daily ETo alternatively to that recommended by FAO (Penman-Monteith). On the other hand, the alternative method of Thornthwaite-Camargo was the best for estimations at 10-day periods, in all sowing dates. Furthermore, the methods of Thornthwaite-Camargo, Benevides-Lopez, Camargo, and Thornthwaite showed the smallest deviations to estimate ETo (10-day periods) for calculating actual yields (Ya).
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