resumen --rales sobre las cuales se constituye la espacialidad urbana de la vida cotidiana. Con un -investigación dan cuenta de las consecuencias de este urbanismo fragmentador, en -bles intervenciones urbanas destinadas a aminorar el impacto de dicha fragmentación y consiguiente exclusión. palabras clave | fragmentación urbana, movilidad, urbanismo. abstract | In the context of the multiple urban transformations taking place in large metropoles, this paper analyzes, through various means, the way in which contemporary ur¬banism practices serve to fragment the spatial-temporal conditions upon which the spatiality of daily urban life is constituted. An ethnographic approach to the everyday mobility of Santiago's residents is applied, in order to describe the way in which urban dwellers experience urban fragmentation by devising different mobility strategies to weave their way through the disconnected, interrupted and segregated spatialities into which the city has been decomposed, resulting in fragmentation of

RESUMENEl presente trabajo genera una aproximación a la comprensión de la exclusión social desde la movilidad cotidiana urbana por medio del estudio de la accesibilidad. Este enfoque teórico-metodológico permite evidenciar las múltiples barreras de accesibilidad que los viajeros encuentran diariamente en sus trayectos por la ciudad, las cuales van dando una "espesura" a la experiencia del tiempo-espacio. El documento primero contrasta las conceptualizaciones tradicionales de accesibilidad, posteriormente genera una propuesta para su análisis en la vida cotidiana a través de métodos etnográfi cos, y a modo de ejemplo, presenta dos casos de viajeras desde el sector norte de la ciudad de Santiago, una de ingresos medio bajos y otra de ingresos altos. Los resultados permiten identifi car dicha espesura en las barreras de accesibilidad y cómo estas se conjugan para dar cuenta de la complejidad que las personas enfrentan para acceder a las oportunidades de la ciudad, las estrategias que emplean y las diversas formas de exclusión urbana que a partir de ellas se desprenden.Palabras clave: Movilidad, accesibilidad, barreras, espacialidad, vida cotidiana. ABSTRACTThis paper presents an approximation of social exclusion from the point of view a daily mobility and through the study of accessibility. This theoreticalmethodological approach permits the documentation of multiple accessibility barriers that commuters confront daily on their commutes through the city. These barriers generate a sort of "weight" to the time-space experience. The document fi rst contrasts traditional conceptualizations of accessibility and then proposes a way to analyse this in daily life using ethnographic methods, and provides two case studies of female commuters living in the Northern part of Santiago, one who is middle-low income and the other who is high income. The results identify the way in which accessibility barriers can be compounded resulting in diffi culty in accessing opportunities in the city, the strategies they employ and the diverse forms of social exclusion that can emerge.

The implementation of the Smart City (SC) model in Santiago, Chile has not heralded any significant interventions in terms of scale, urban impact, amount invested, technological innovation or architectural design. Instead, material interventions have been small and have had little more than a superficial impact upon the perceptions of citizens. The significance of observing ‘Smart’ interventions in Santiago involves analysing their implementation under a provincialising lens in order to observe the way local experience transforms monist ways of thinking about SCs. Based on ethnographic observation of an SC intervention (in Paseo Bandera, Santiago de Chile), four principles of intervention were identified: democratisation of the city, spatial appropriation by citizens, social and technological innovation and local and territorialised interventions. These principles help to identify the intervention as an urban placebo, which the article argues works through the fictions of effective interventions and urban image improvement that seek to participate in worlding practices whilst, in reality, very little is being improved or effectively addressed in the city. Paseo Bandera SC intervention presents a narrative of modern, sustainable and technologically advanced urban planning in the form of specific material interventions, when in fact it involves very little modernity, sustainability or technology, and is little more than a continuation and evolution of the neoliberal urban model that exists in Chile.

Campamentos (informal settlements) are usually observed as units, islands within cities and located places of urban exclusion. This vision sets urban informality as enclaves. The campamentos in Alto Hospicio (North of Chile), which have played a central role in the development of the city, stress this static vision. Observing on experiences of residential mobilities of its inhabitants, we develop a relational perspective, which proposes to unveil how the campamento is produced by a set of interdependent relations with the city. Informality, vulnerability, and precariousness expand beyond the campamento "object". Three family stories are presented that

Since the discovery of the o2 mutation in maize, many studies have reported the characterization of the protein quality of opaque‐2 genotypes. However, few have reported the properties of their starch. The objective of this study was to characterize flour starch properties of 12 half‐sib families of opaque‐2 maize from Argentina. Chemical composition and thermal and pasting properties of whole grain flour were determined. Nonopaque genotypes were used as a control. Starch content of opaque‐2 genotypes did not show significant differences compared with nonopaque genotypes, yet amylose content was significantly lower. A high variability in pasting and thermal properties was observed in genotypes. Opaque samples showed a significantly higher peak viscosity and a lower pasting temperature compared with nonopaque samples, probably owing to larger and less compact starch granules in the floury endosperm. The higher the gelatinization enthalpy of opaque‐2 genotypes was, the lower the amylose content in relation to nonopaque varieties. Two retrogradation endotherms were observed in DSC analysis: one corresponding to amylopectin crystallization and the other to melting of amylose‐lipid complex. Both enthalpies were considered total starch retrogradation (ΔHRT). A wide range of variation was obtained in ΔHRT in opaque‐2 genotypes, but no significant differences between opaque and nonopaque genotypes were observed. The differences in starch properties found in this study would make it possible to identify opaque‐2 families with particular characteristics for the development of starchy food items adapted to specific processing traits.