This essay evaluates the political economy of Mexico during the Porfirian period (1876–1911), with the aim of discussing advances in scholarship and presenting an outline of the elements for a future research agenda. To this end, the essay examines the current state of knowledge on four crucial aspects of the Mexican economy: growth and its dimensions; the state, finance and economic strategies; the construction and functioning of the internal market; and the international economic relations of Mexico during the first period of globalisation. In particular, it assesses the arguments that link features of Porfirian economic organisation with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910.
El artículo abordalas relaciones entre el sistema financiero y la agricultura, desde la ley bancaria de 1897 hasta 1913, último año en que los bancos mantuvieron operaciones regulares. Se pretende medir el acceso de las unidades productivas al crédito de largo plazo y reconstruir los canales de financiamiento. La pregunta central es si y en qué condiciones los bancos u otros intermediarios financieros encauzaban una oferta de crédito hacia el sector agrícola y en qué términos. O si, por otro lado, la banca privada manifestaba una incapacidad estructural para acomodar en sus actividades el crédito agrícola; en este caso se pretende conocer qué caminos alternativos estaban disponibles y qué consecuencias derivaron de ello. The article deals with the relationships between the financial system and agriculture, from the first Banking Law in 1897 until the last year of bank operations before the Revolution, 1913. It aims at reconstructing the credit channels and measuring the access of rural estates to long-term credit. The central question is whether banks or other financial intermediaries supplied funds to Mexican agriculture, and in what terms. Was private banking structurally incapable of providing agricultural credit? And if so, were alternative means available? What consequences this situation had on the rural economy?
In order to substantiate the evidence of political budget cycle (pbc) in Mexico, this essay examines the federal budget before and after the presidential elections of 1994 and 2006. Previous studies are extended since we incorporate the effects of unified or divided government on the budget-making process, focusing on the relationship between the Chamber of Deputies and the Executive. The essay analyzes how and to which extent the Deputies reapportioned the budget plan submitted by the President, as well as the evidence of pbc based on the difference between authorized and actual federal spending. We find that under a unified government the composition of the Chamber of Deputies encourages pbc; whereas, under a divided government, it cannot prevent it altogether.Keywords: political budget cycle, federal budget, public expenditure, Mexico. ResumenEn este documento se analiza el gasto público federal ejercido antes y después de las elecciones presidenciales de 1994 y 2006 en México, para identificar la existencia de un ciclo político-presupuestal (cpp). Se extienden los estudios previos al incorporar los efectos de la existencia o no de mayoría del partido del presidente en la Cámara de Diputados en la determinación del presupuesto de egresos. Específicamente, se examinan las reasignaciones que la Cámara de Diputados ha realizado al proyecto de presupuesto enviado por el Ejecutivo federal, así como la presencia de ciclos presupuestales en el gasto propuesto y ejercido por el Ejecutivo y aprobado por la misma Cámara. Se encontró que en un gobierno con mayoría, la composición de la Cámara de Diputados facilita la configuración de un cpp, en tanto que uno sin mayoría no puede evitarlo plenamente.Palabras clave: ciclo político presupuestal, presupuesto, gasto público, México.
This article analyzes the livestock exchange between the United States and Mexico, beginning with the initial surge in regular trade in the 1870s until its interruption caused by the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 1947. Since the final two decades of the nineteenth century, cattle raising in both countries became increasingly intertwined through commerce. Though this trade was clearly international, as it entailed crossing a political border between nations, we argue that it was also an interregional commerce between contiguous, similar exporting bases, those of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. However, the weight of politics and the legal border never ceased to make their presence felt and, indeed, were intensely manifested in the sphere of exchange. This particular branch of commerce was subject not only to numerous and repeated restrictive measures both related and unrelated to tariffs, but also to extraordinary political circumstances like the Mexican Revolution and the two World Wars. Our purpose is to reconstruct the interactions among resource endowments, commerce regulations, and supply and demand, as well as the actors and institutions that shaped the conditions of the transborder exchange. Such conditions allowed for continuity in livestock trading amid changing circumstances.
El primer despertar del interés comercial por el petróleo en México tuvo lugar durante el gobierno imperial de Maximiliano de Habsburgo, en respuesta al impulso petrolero de corte global generado por el surgimiento de la explotación moderna del crudo en Estados Unidos. El propósito de este trabajo es el de explicar este auge del interés por el petróleo, medir sus manifestaciones principales, así como evaluar sus alcances y resultados. En particular, distinguiremos entre los empujes procedentes del exterior, las medidas promulgadas por Maximiliano y sus efectos, y los intereses y las expectativas de los actores domésticos ante la nueva oportunidad. Al mismo tiempo, evaluaremos el papel que este episodio de mediados de los años sesenta tuvo en el proceso de otorgamiento de un significado comercial al petróleo mexicano.
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