This paper explores the role of Physical Education in Labour Universities (1955-1978) during Franco's regime as an instrument of indoctrination and declassing of the working class. The conclusions obtained after the study and the analysis of various primary sources indicate that, initially, Physical Education was used as an instrument of indoctrination for the purposes of achieving the social and ideological model of Franco's regime after the Fascist uprising (1936-1939). However, this initial orientation became less relevant in the Sixties, in favour of the inherent aspects of sport, which contributed to the declassing of the young workers. In fact, Labour Universities became national benchmarks in the area of sports within the education system. Physical Education lost its indoctrinating and declassing roles after the General Law of Education was passed in 1970, and the focus shifted instead to its role as an activity for participation, education, and comprehensive training. 2 Teresa González Aja, 'Contamos contigo. Sociedad, vida cotidiana y deporte en los años del desarrollismo (1961 1975)', in Atletas y ciudadanos. Historia social del deporte en España (1870-2010), ed. Xavier Pujadas (Madrid: Alianza, 2011), 323-356. '(…) castles for the new reconquest, where you, and especially your children, will be trained not only to be good workers, which is little, and it's all that your enemies would want. We are going to create huge centers, where we can train not only technically better workers, but also fully formed men, able to deal with the battles of intelligence, trained to deal with the battles of the spirit, politics, and power. We are going to create different men (…)' 13. 8 González Aja, 'Contamos contigo', 330. 9 Ibíd., 331-332. 10 Payne, franquismo. Primera parte, 22. 11 'All the sports (…): a three thousand square meters sports gym, an Olympic pool, a large athletics track, fields for basketball, handball, hockey, football, etc. These infrastructures are complemented by a good Department of Physical Education that includes observation rooms, bodybuilding studio, etc. Among them, the following sports are practised: athletics, football, judo, personal defense, hockey, bastketball, handball, fronton...' 43. For the then Secretary of Work, Romeo Gorría, at Labour Universities: '(…) exceptional circumstances concur, summed up in a triple consideration: Who do they serve? What are they instruments for? And, where are they going? They serve the youth, the spirit of the youth, and on the other hand they are an instrument of the social policy' 44. 39 Ibíd., 13. 40 'Orden de 12 de julio de 1956'.
Resumen: La política educativa franquista tuvo como uno de sus principales objetivos la formación de la clase obrera, por lo que una de las principales instituciones educativas creadas en la época fueron las Universidades Laborales. Este artículo se centra en analizar las finalidades que perseguían estas macroinstituciones al formar los futuros obreros españoles, empleando para su estudio diversas fuentes primarias -documentales, archivísticas, gráficas y jurídicas-. Las conclusiones señalan que los objetivos de las Universidades Laborales fueron, por un lado, la formación profesional especializada y, por el otro lado, su adoctrinamiento en los principios ideológicos propugnados por el régimen. Palabras clave: Historia de la educación, España, dictadura, clase obrera, universidad, formación profesional (Thesaurus). Convenience or Necessity? The Formation of the Working Class in the Universidades Laborales of Franco's Spain (1955-1978)Abstract: One of the main objectives of Franco's educational policy was the training of the working class, which is why one of the principal educational institutions created during that period were the Universidades Laborales. This article is focused on analyzing the ends sought by these macroinstitutions in preparing the future workers of Spain, and it makes use of a variety of primary sources -documentary, archival, graphic and juridical-in order to study the subject. The conclusions indicate that the objectives of the Universidades Laborales were, on the one hand, specialized professional training and, on the other hand, their indoctrination in the ideological principles advocated by the regime. Spain, dictatorship, working class, university, professional training (Thesaurus). Keywords: History of education, Conveniência ou necessidade? A formação da classe operária nas universidades trabalhistas franquistas (1955-1978)Resumo: A política educativa franquista teve como um de seus principais objetivos a formação da classe operária, razão pela qual uma das principais instituições educativas criadas na época foram as universidades trabalhistas. Este artigo se centraliza em analisar as finalidades que essas macroinstituições perseguiam ao formar os futuros operários espanhóis, empregando para seu estudo diversas fontes primárias -documentais, de arquivo, gráficas e jurídicas-. As conclusões indicam que os objetivos das universidades trabalhistas foram, por um lado, a formação profissional especializada e, por outro, seu doutrinamento nos princípios ideológicos defendidos pelo regime. Palavras-chave: classe operária, ditadura, Espanha, formação profissional, história da educação (Thesaurus); universidade (Autor).• Esta investigación no contó con financiación para su realización.
Ahora bien, hay una pregunta que podemos hacernos: ¿es todo culpa del virus? A partir de la crisis financiera de 2008, si no antes, se intensificaron las medidas de austeridad que desembocaron en importantes reducciones en el gasto público, en el gasto en lo común. Estas reducciones tuvieron especial incidencia en la sanidad pública, en la educación pública y en los mecanismos de protección social a las personas más vulnerables. Fue una reducción brutal de aquello que había sido una característica de los estados europeos – y no sólo: el Estado de Bienestar. A partir de la crisis de 2008, el llamado neoliberalismo salió fortalecido, los financieros resurgieron más ricos y la gente común más pobre y con menos recursos, no sólo propios, sino de los sistemas de protección pública. El caso de la sanidad pública en España - hay en 2020 menos personal sanitario que en 2008 - es el ejemplo perfecto de como el austericidio está poniendo en peligro ahora la vida de las personas: tanto de las trabajadoras y los trabajadores de la sanidad, como las personas enfermas a las que ese sistema sanitario debe atender. Los cambios y transformaciones en las políticas educativas son anteriores a la crisis de 2008. Se pergeñaron al inicio de este siglo y han ido tomando forma bajo el paraguas de los rankings, las comparaciones, la introducción de un lenguaje monetario y unas finalidades centradas en la economía
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