This study reconsiders traditional hierarchy models that posit a learning model of behavior change in which knowledge precedes attitudes, which in turn influence behavior. The case of contraception in Peru is considered and six possible knowledge, attitude, and practice permutations are developed. Contraceptive practice may precede detailed knowledge that may result in considerable misinformation. This misinformation may lead to dissatisfied users and discontinued useofhealtk behaviors. Media campaignsdesigned to inform thepubliccan create a more informed population of users, which in turn may create a more satisfied and hence sustainable user base. Assessing thejt of behavior change models is consistent with emerging work in development communication that has called for women's empowerment and informed choice to be cornerstones of health and development policy. The informed choice approach provides the basis for communication strategies that can more readily create a critical mass of support for such policies.his study addresses the relative ordering of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in behavior change models and its Thomas W. Valente,Ph.D., is anassistant professor in the

This study tested whether childhood parental emotional abuse and peer emotional bullying serve as antecedents of depression in adolescence and identified the cognitive mechanisms involved in this process. It was hypothesized that the experience of emotional abuse would predict depressive symptoms via development of rumination and negative inferences. A 3-wave longitudinal study was carried out with 998 adolescents (471 girls and 526 boys) between 13 and 17 years of age. Results showed that emotional abuse by parents and peers at Time 1 predicted a worsening of several cognitive vulnerabilities at Time 2. In addition, brooding mediated between the experiences of abuse and the increase of depressive symptoms at Time 3. Thus, findings suggest that the experiences of childhood emotional abuse by parents and peers serve as antecedents to develop a negative cognitive style, vulnerability that, once developed, is a risk factor for the onset of depressive symptoms in adolescence.

RESUMENObjetivo: El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de adaptar y validar los resultados de la Batería de Instrumentos para la Evaluación de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial desarrollado por el Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia en el 2010. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental con los trabajadores que pasaron examen médico ocupacional de marzo a setiembre 2014, con un total de 478 personas. Se procedió al análisis de propiedades psicométricas mediante criterio de jueces, análisis de validez mediante el coeficiente V de Aiken, análisis de validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial de tipo exploratorios y el análisis de confiabilidad mediante la consistencia interna con el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: Como resultados del análisis de la validez de contenido, al aplicar el criterio de jueces, se consideraron solo aquellos ítems con V = 1 (p = 0,032), quedando en la Forma A, 108 reactivos, en la Forma B, 96 y en Extralaborales, 29 ítems. Se evidenciaron índices de homogeneidad de los ítems mayor al criterio (rit > 0,20) e índices adecuados de confiabilidad por el método de consistencia interna con el estadístico Alfa de Cronbach en las escalas Intralaboral Forma A, Forma B, Extralaboral y Estrés. Para el grado de validez convergente, se obtuvieron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de dimensiones entre las escalas Extralaboral y Estrés, y entre la Forma A y Estrés. Conclusiones: Se determinó la validez de criterio y validez convergente en las escalas Intralaboral A, Intralaboral B y Extralaboral, encontrándose evidencias empíricas de mediciones coherentes al constructo de Riesgos Psicosociales; asimismo, se calcularon los coeficientes de consistencia interna, obteniéndose en las dimensiones evaluadas adecuados índices de acuerdo al criterio mínimo sugerido para la investigación.Palabras clave: Factores de riesgo; psicologia social; psicometría; estrés laboral (Fuente: DeSC BIREME). Conclusions: Criteria validity and convergent validity were determined in the Inside-Work scale form A, Inside-Work scale form B and Outside-Work scale, with empiric evidence of measurements consistent with the psychosocial risk construct being found. Moreover, internal consistency coefficients were estimated, with adequate levels being obtained in the assessed dimensions, according to the minimum level suggested for the research. Validation of the battery of instruments for the evaluation of psychosocial risk factors

To date, few studies have attempted to test the effect of rumination and its components (brooding and reflection) on depression from a diathesis-stress approach, which involves an interaction between stressors and rumination. The purpose of this study was to assess whether rumination moderates the predictive association between stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The possible moderation effect of gender on the relationships between the two rumination components and depressive symptoms over time was also analyzed. It was hypothesized that brooding, both alone and in interaction with stressors, would predict an increase in depressive symptoms over time. In contrast, no main effects or similar interactions were expected for reflection. Finally, it was expected that the relationship between depressive symptoms and brooding would be higher in girls than in boys. A longitudinal study was carried out in three waves with a 6-month interval, in which a total of 998 adolescents (45 % female), aged between 13 and 17 years, completed measures of rumination, stressors, and depressive symptoms. The results showed that initial levels of stressors, brooding, and reflection predicted average levels of depressive symptoms over time. There was no significant interaction between rumination and stressors. Finally, brooding predicted depressive symptoms more strongly in girls than in boys. As a conclusion, these findings suggest that stressors and rumination components contribute separately to the development of depressive symptoms over time, and that brooding acts as a vulnerability factor for depression more strongly in girls than in boys.

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