Viticulture in Brazil has been growing in importance in recent years. In the State of São Paulo, a significant percentage of the production is basically destined to in natura consumption and, more recently, much effort has been made by institutions to revitalize the viticulture in the State. Among fungal diseases, the downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the main diseases affecting this crop in Brazil, with extreme damage effects on its production. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of the downy mildew on grape under the climatic conditions of the State of São Paulo, based on a mathematical model and using Geographical Information System -GIS tools. The study considered the months from September to April, a period in which the downy mildew can affect grapevines under development. Mean temperature and relative humidity were the basic weather data entered in the GIS database. Leaf wetness duration was estimated from relative humidity measurements. Climatic data entered in the GIS were used to calculate and produce maps depicting the severity of the grape downy mildew, through the application of a disease model. Three cities were evaluated (Jales, Jundiaí, and São Miguel Arcanjo), since they represent the main vineyard centers in the State. The adopted methodology permitted quantifying the severity of the grape downy mildew not only in spatial terms, identifying the variability among the different regions of the State, but also in temporal terms, along the months, making an adequate distinction of the studied cities. Key words: Vitis spp., Geographical Information System, temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness duration RISCO CLIMÁTICO DO MÍLDIO DA VIDEIRA (Plasmopara viticola) NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULORESUMO: A viticultura brasileira tem apresentado importância crescente nos últimos anos. Em São Paulo, a expressiva produção é destinada basicamente ao consumo in natura e, mais recentemente, podem ser observados esforços de diversas instituições no sentido de revitalizar a viticultura no estado. O míldio (Plasmopara viticola) é uma das principais doenças da cultura no Brasil, com efeitos extremamente danosos à sua produção. No presente trabalho foi estimada a severidade do míldio da videira nas condições climáticas do estado de São Paulo, com base num modelo de estimativa da doença e empregando-se um Sistema de Informações Geográficas -SIG. O estudo considerou os meses de setembro a abril, período em que a doença pode afetar as videiras em desenvolvimento. Os valores básicos de entrada no banco de dados do SIG foram temperatura média e umidade relativa. A duração do período de molhamento foliar foi estimada a partir dos dados de umidade relativa.
One of the main factors influencing the occurrence of plant diseases is the leaf wetness duration (LWD). However, this climatic parameter is not generally and systematically recorded at meteorological stations, and the alternative to obtain an estimate for LWD is the use of mathematical models. The objective of this study was to estimate LWD for the State of São Paulo, on the basis of the number of hours with relative humidity equal to or higher than 90%, and also plot them on a map with help of the Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. Using daily relative humidity data from ten meteorological stations of the State, for six years, adjustment equations were obtained for different LWD periods (hours day -1 ) (R 2 from 0.58 to 0.81) and of number of days (ND) per month with LWD for a period equal to or higher than ten consecutive hours (R 2 from 0.57 to 0.75), both as functions of the mean relative humidity. The mean LWD and the mean ND varied among the different regions of the State and different periods of the year. The smallest estimated values of mean annual LWD and ND were observed for the west region of the State, and the highest values for the coastal region. Key words: plant diseases, relative humidity, Geographical Information System, regression equation VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DA DURAÇÃO DO PERÍODO DE MOLHAMENTO FOLIAR NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASILRESUMO: A duração do período de molhamento (DPM) foliar é um dos principais fatores para a ocorrência de doenças de planta. No entanto, esse parâmetro climático não é geralmente registrado sistematicamente nas estações meteorológicas, tendo-se como alternativa estimar a DPM por meio de modelos matemáticos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a DPM para o estado de São Paulo, baseando-se no número de horas com umidade relativa igual ou superior a 90%, e também espacializá-la utilizando as ferramentas de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Utilizando resultados diários de umidade relativa de dez estações meteorológicas do estado, de seis anos, foram obtidas para diferentes períodos as equações de ajuste de DPM (horas dia -1 ) (R 2 de 0,58 a 0,81) e de número de dias (ND) ao mês com DPM por um período igual ou superior a dez horas consecutivas (R 2 de 0,57 a 0,75), ambas em função da umidade relativa média. A DPM média e ND média variaram entre as regiões do estado e nos períodos do ano. Os menores valores estimados de DPM e de ND médias anuais foram observados na região oeste do estado e os maiores valores na região litorânea. Palavras-chave: doenças de plantas, umidade relativa, Sistema de Informações Geográficas, equação de regressão
This study evaluates the emergence and initial development of sugarcane cultivars with different bud sizes, based on the system of pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS). Early sugarcane cultivars (RB966928, RB855156 and IACSP91-1099) were evaluated. These evaluations comprised three positions of the sugarcane stem (tip, middle and base) and four types of sugarcane propagules (mini-stem and 3 bud sizes with different diameters: 22 mm (1), 29 mm (2) and 35 mm (3)). Three trials were performed, each with a different cultivar. The experimental design for each cultivar was a randomized block in a 3x4 factorial scheme (stem position x propagule size (vegetative material)) with 4 replicates. Emergence was evaluated daily, and from these evaluations the emergence speed index (ESI) was calculated. Plant height, shoot dry mass and root dry mass were also assessed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with interaction, and the Tukey test was applied. When simple variable transformations were not enough to meet the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity, the non-parametric Friedman test was used. ESI indicated that the best type of propagule was the mini-stem, and for cultivars IACSP91-1099 and RB855156 the best performing position was the tip. The Friedman test indicated significance of the causes of variation related to propagule size and stem position for shoot dry mass in all evaluated cultivars. In addition, the test indicated significant variation of root dry mass for cultivars IAC91-1099 and RB966928 between propagule sizes and the stem positions. The height of cultivar IACSP91-1099 showed interaction between the different propagule sizes and stem positions. The greatest increase of height in sugarcane seedlings occurred for the mini--stem propagule and tip position. Cultivars RB855156 and RB966928 also showed interaction between the different propagule sizes and stem positions. Cultivar RB855156 showed the highest plant height with the mini--stem propagule at the tip position, however it did not differ statistically from the propagule with size 3 at the tip and middle positions. The mini-stem and the bud with size 3, removed from the tip of the stem, are the best alternatives for seedling production. ResumoO objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de diferentes tamanhos de gemas de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, comparando ao sistema de mudas pré-brotadas (MPB). Foram avaliadas cultivares de ciclo precoce de cana-de-açúcar (RB966928, RB855156 e IACSP91-1099), em três posições do colmo da cana (ponta, meio e base) e quatro tipos de propágulos de cana-de-açúcar (rebolo ou minitolete e 3 tamanhos de gemas com diferentes de diâmetro 22 mm (1), 29 mm (2) e 35 mm (3)). Foram realizados três ensaios cada um com uma cultivar diferente. O delineamento experimental para cada cultivar foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x4 (posição do colmo x tamanho do propágulo (material vegetativo) com 4 repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações de emergência diária, e a partir de tais avaliações ...
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