The current system used in Brazil for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) crop forecasting relies mainly on subjective information provided by sugar mill technicians and on information about demands of raw agricultural products from industry. This study evaluated the feasibility to estimate the yield at municipality level in São Paulo State, Brazil, using 10-day periods of SPOT Vegetation NDVI images and ECMWF meteorological data. Twenty municipalities and seven cropping seasons were selected between 1999 and 2006. The plant development cycle was divided into four phases, according to the sugarcane physiology, obtaining spectral and meteorological attributes for each phase. The most important attributes were selected and the average yield was classified according to a decision tree. Values obtained from the NDVI time profile from December to January next year enabled to classify yields into three classes: below average, average and above average. The results were more effective for 'average' and 'above average' classes, with 86.5 and 66.7% accuracy respectively. Monitoring sugarcane planted areas using SPOT Vegetation images allowed previous analysis and predictions on the average municipal yield trend. Key words: NDVI, remote sensing, data mining, crop forecasting Estimativa de produtividade da cana-de-açúcar por meio de séries temporais de imagens spot vegetation RESUMO: O atual sistema de previsão de safras para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) usado no Brasil depende, em boa parte, de informações subjetivas, baseadas no conhecimento de técnicos do setor sucroalcooleiro e em informações sobre demanda de insumos na cadeia produtiva. Avaliou-se o uso de imagens decendiais de NDVI do sensor SPOT Vegetation e variáveis meteorológicas do modelo do ECMWF para inferir sobre os dados de produtividade oficiais registrados em municípios e safras previamente selecionados. Foram selecionados 20 municípios e sete safras compreendidas entre o período de 1999 e 2006. O ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura foi dividido em quatro fases, de acordo com a fisiologia, gerando para cada fase atributos espectrais e meteorológicos. Foram selecionados os atributos mais relevantes para a classificação da produtividade média municipal e, por meio de árvore de decisão, a produtividade média municipal foi classificada. Valores extraídos do perfil temporal do NDVI entre os meses de dezembro e janeiro permitiram classificar a produtividade em três classes: abaixo da média, média e acima da média. Os resultados foram mais efetivos para as classes "média" e "acima da média", com acertos de 86,5 e 66,7%, respectivamente. O monitoramento de áreas canavieiras do estado de São Paulo por meio de imagens SPOT Vegetation permitiu inferir sobre a tendência da produtividade média municipal previamente. Palavras-chave: NDVI, sensoriamento remoto, mineração de dados, previsão de safras
Viticulture in Brazil has been growing in importance in recent years. In the State of São Paulo, a significant percentage of the production is basically destined to in natura consumption and, more recently, much effort has been made by institutions to revitalize the viticulture in the State. Among fungal diseases, the downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the main diseases affecting this crop in Brazil, with extreme damage effects on its production. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of the downy mildew on grape under the climatic conditions of the State of São Paulo, based on a mathematical model and using Geographical Information System -GIS tools. The study considered the months from September to April, a period in which the downy mildew can affect grapevines under development. Mean temperature and relative humidity were the basic weather data entered in the GIS database. Leaf wetness duration was estimated from relative humidity measurements. Climatic data entered in the GIS were used to calculate and produce maps depicting the severity of the grape downy mildew, through the application of a disease model. Three cities were evaluated (Jales, Jundiaí, and São Miguel Arcanjo), since they represent the main vineyard centers in the State. The adopted methodology permitted quantifying the severity of the grape downy mildew not only in spatial terms, identifying the variability among the different regions of the State, but also in temporal terms, along the months, making an adequate distinction of the studied cities. Key words: Vitis spp., Geographical Information System, temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness duration RISCO CLIMÁTICO DO MÍLDIO DA VIDEIRA (Plasmopara viticola) NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULORESUMO: A viticultura brasileira tem apresentado importância crescente nos últimos anos. Em São Paulo, a expressiva produção é destinada basicamente ao consumo in natura e, mais recentemente, podem ser observados esforços de diversas instituições no sentido de revitalizar a viticultura no estado. O míldio (Plasmopara viticola) é uma das principais doenças da cultura no Brasil, com efeitos extremamente danosos à sua produção. No presente trabalho foi estimada a severidade do míldio da videira nas condições climáticas do estado de São Paulo, com base num modelo de estimativa da doença e empregando-se um Sistema de Informações Geográficas -SIG. O estudo considerou os meses de setembro a abril, período em que a doença pode afetar as videiras em desenvolvimento. Os valores básicos de entrada no banco de dados do SIG foram temperatura média e umidade relativa. A duração do período de molhamento foliar foi estimada a partir dos dados de umidade relativa.
The effect of various ions on the mode and kinetics of concentrated wheat starch gels retrogradation was investigated. The anions SCN‐, I‐, NO 3−, Br−, F− and SO 4−, and the cations K+, Li+ and Na+ were tested at 0,4‐M concentration. Teh results, based on the Avrami theory, indicated that the mechanism of starch crystallization is instantaneous nucleation followed by rod‐like growth of crystals regardless the ion present. The retrogradation rate for the halogens anions increased in the following order: I−, Br−, CI− and F−. The retrogradation rate for the cations increased in the following order: K+, Li+ and Na+. The results obtained were dependent of the charge distribution of the anions studied.
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