The influence of viscosity on droplet-droplet collision behavior at ambient conditions was studied experimentally and numerically. N-decane, monoethyleneglycol (MEG), diethyleneglycol (DEG), and triethyleneglycol were used as liquid phase providing viscosities in the range from 0.9to48mPas. Collision Weber numbers ranged approximately from 10 to 420. A direct numerical simulation code, based on the volume-of-fluid concept, was used for the simulations. Experimentally, observations of two droplet streams using a modified stroboscopic technique (aliasing method) were used to investigate the whole range of impact parameters during one experimental run. The experimental method has previously been verified for the water/air system [C. Gotaas et al., Phys. Fluids 19, 102105 (2007)]. In the present work, it was tested and validated for the n-decane/air system. Measured data agree well with those published in the literature. Well-defined regions of stretching separation and coalescence were identified, while reflexive separation regions were not found by using a single sinusoidal disturbance. However, the onset of reflexive separation was identified for MEG and DEG using an amplitude modulation technique. The results show that the criteria for onset of reflexive separation for viscous fluids provided by Y. I. Jiang et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 234, 177 (1992)] are not valid. This is consistent with the results given by K. D. Willis and M. Orme [Exp. Fluids 34, 28 (2003)]. A new empirical correlation for the onset of reflexive separation for high viscosity fluids is presented. The borders between coalescing and stretching separation were shifted toward higher Weber numbers with increasing viscosity. The lack of occurrence of reflexive separation for the single sinusoidal disturbance (small droplets), as well as the stretching separation boundary shift, can be explained by dissipation of collision kinetic energy in viscous flows inside the merged droplet after collision. Results from numerical simulations for MEG, DEG, and TEG correlated well with experimental data for the same fluids.
Two types of cellulose-based materials, 6-carboxycellulose with 2.1 or 6.6 wt% of -COOH groups, were prepared and tested for potential use in tissue engineering. The materials were functionalized with arginine, i.e. an amino acid with a basic side chain, or with chitosan, in order to balance the relatively acid character of oxidized cellulose molecules, and were seeded with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The cell adhesion and growth were then evaluated directly on the materials, and also on the underlying polystyrene culture dishes. Of these two types of studied materials, 6-carboxycellulose with 2.1 wt% of -COOH groups was more appropriate for cell colonization. The cells on this material achieved an elongated shape, while they were spherical in shape on the other materials. The number of cells and the concentration (per mg of protein) of contractile proteins alpha-actin and SM1 and SM2 myosins, i.e. markers of the phenotypic maturation of VSMC, were also significantly higher on this material. Functionalization of the material with arginine and chitosan further improved the phenotypic maturation of VSMC. Chitosan also improved the adhesion and growth of these cells. In comparison with the control polystyrene dishes, the proliferation of cells on our cellulose-based materials was relatively low. This suggests that these materials can be used in applications where high proliferation activity of cells is not desirable, e.g. proliferation of VSMC on vascular prostheses. Alternatively, the cell proliferation might be enhanced by another more efficient modification, which would require further research.
A revisited differential simulation method is used for the design of a packed column in which absorption accompanied by a reversible chemical reaction takes place. The method is based on integration of local rates of absorption along the column. The local rates of absorption are measured in a laboratory model contactor for various compositions of the gas and liquid phases under different hydrodynamic conditions characterized by the physical mass transfer coefficient in the liquid. An explicit formula correlating the data is given which facilitates the design calculations including possible axial mixing of the gas phase in the column. As the model contactor a mixed cell is used in which the interfacial area is well defined. By using an auxiliary surface stirrer the values of the physical mass transfer coefficient are extended up to the values encountered in packed absorbers. In experiments, carbon dioxide was absorbed into a solution of triethanolamine, diethanolamine, and an activator (1,6-diaminohexane, hmda) in the following range of experimental conditions: temperature 50-80 °C, partial pressure of carbon dioxide up to 700 kpa, liquid loading 0-40 (N m3 CCV/m3, activator concentration 1.6-3.38 wt %. The revisited method is used for simulated design of existing industrial scrubbers.
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