Aluminum doped ZnO thin films were synthesized by the water-mist assisted spray pyrolysis technique. The structural characterization by means of X-Ray diffraction measurements is reported. By means of Atomic Force Microscopy, the superficial electrical characteristics of the thin films are studied. Specifically, contact current images are shown and discussed. It is important to emphasize that in spite of no voltage is applied to the Atomic Force Microscopy contact conductive tip, current images are getting.

A high dose of electron irradiation generates amorphous zones with critical vacancy concentrations in the pyrographite. The degree of disorder “” of amorphization of Graphite, natural graphite, pyrographite and polycrystal pyrographite are analyzed as a function of time “t”, and the amorphization kinetics under different voltages inside the HVTEM.

Abstract-In this work the main results of a static and fatigue analysis performed by means of a computational model of a Tank-Car are presented. The tensile load (draft) is the more continuous condition presented during typical service situations, and is directly applied over the front draft lugs when the train starts its movement. In this sense, a three-dimensional finite element analysis of the wagon is carried out in the ANSYS Workbench platform. The static loads are applied in orden to estimate the fatigue life of the lugs. The material properties and boundary conditions were applied directly in accordance with the guidelines set out by the American Association of Railroads (AAR). The results of this analysis can be a useful tool for designers of railway equipment and to improve the designs safety.

In this paper, a modal analysis is performed using The Finite Element Method (FEM) to a railroad tank car used to transport fuels and chemical products. Many of these substances are dangerous, so it is essential ensure the structural integrity of the units. The first 12 natural frequencies with their respective vibration modes of the structure were obtained. These results are used to determine safe conditions at different excitation frequencies and to avoid resonance problems during operation.

An efficient cross-layer approach should provide schemes to avoid all the aforementioned sources of energy waste by promoting novel trade-offs between layers to enhance the wireless communication process and simultaneously extend the network lifetime. Taxonomy: cross-layer approaches for WBANsIn this section, the different studies are classified by the communication layers involved in each cross-layer strategy. This survey details how each approach works (as described by the authors in the original paper), its main problems and shortcomings that represent open issues for future research, and a critical analysis of the performance results as originally presented by the authors.